Lozol

"Discount lozol uk, blood pressure pills kidneys".

By: J. Merdarion, M.A., M.D., Ph.D.

Program Director, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine

Holarctic [adj blood pressure understanding buy discount lozol 2.5mg online, n] the biogeographic area composed of the Nearctic and Palearctic heart attack damage buy lozol with paypal. Nearctic [adj hypertension 28 years old buy discount lozol 2.5 mg, n] the biogeographic area of North America including the Mexican Plateau blood pressure drop symptoms purchase lozol overnight. Neotropical [adj, n] the biogeographic area of Central America (excluding the Mexican Plateau), South America, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Oriental [adj, n] Southern Asia, south of the Himalayan mountains and their east and west neighboring mountain ranges from the Indus Valley eastward through southern China and southward to the Seram-Halmahera seas. Palearctic [adj, n] the biogeographic area of Europe, Africa north of the Sahara, and Asia north of the Himalayan mountains and their east and west neighboring mountain ranges. Carolina Bay [adj, n] these ponds form in elliptical depressions and are distributed across the Atlantic seaboard states. B Bayesian Inference [adj, n] An iterative process in which the degree of belief in a hypothesis is updated as evidence accumulates. Unrelated species of Anolis on different islands have converged on various ecomorphs. F fertility rate [adj, n] the average number of offspring that an organism can produce in its lifetime. Fertility rate is calculated by summing the average number of offspring produced at each age. For example, a turtle might produce 10 eggs at age 1, 30 at age 2, 35 at age 3, and so on. Gondwana the southern continent arising from the breakup of Pangaea and consisting of the future Antarctica, South America, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The duration of the hatchling state is variable, although its end in reptiles might be fixed by the disappearance of the yolk-sac scar. Laurasia the northern continent arising from the breakup of Pangaea consisting of the future North America, Greenland, and Eurasia. Morph is used regularly in discussion of polymorphism and variation of individuals within a population or species. Net Reproductive Rate [adj, adj, noun] Number of offspring produced by a female during its lifetime taking into consideration not only the fertility rate, but also age-specific mortality rates. P palpebral membrane [n] A transparent "eyelid" that lies beneath the true eyelids and can extend horizontally from its resting position in the inner corner of the eye to the outer corner. Pangaea the megacontinent of the Paleozoic period containing all the continental blocks that would become our present continents. M macroevolution [n] Any evolutionary change occurring at or above the species level. At the very least, macroevolution results in the splitting of one species into two. The splitting of one species into two or the splitting of higher order clades is often called cladogenesis. For tail length, it is distance from posterior edge of the vent to the tip of the tail, and for total length, distance from tip of snout to tip of tail. S salps [n, pl] Free-swimming, oceanic tunicates in the genus Salpa with transparent, fusiform bodies. X xeric [adj] Habitat with low moisture level or water availability; adapted to dry or arid conditions. A Ablepharus, 568 Abronia, 576­577 Abronia vasconcelosii, 577f Acalyptophis, 620 Acanthixalus, 513­514 Acanthocercus, 585 Acanthochelys, 527 Acanthodactylus, 572 Acanthodactylus scutellatus, 298f Acanthophis antarcticus, 304 Acanthophis praelongus, 170 Acanthosaura, 585 Acanthostega, 3, 4f, 7­9, 8f, 10f­11f, 13f, 83 Acerosodontosaurus, 103 Achalinus, 613 Aciprion, 110 Acontias, 566 Acontias plumbeus, 566 Acontinae, 566­568 Acrantophis, 404f, 609 Acris, 243, 494 Acris crepitans, 207, 338­339, 339f Acris gryllus, 193t, 421t Acrochordidae, 108t­109t, 598f, 611­612, 613f Acrochordus, 197, 303, 404f, 611­612 Acrochordus arafurae, 215, 233t, 294, 614f Acrochordus granulatus, 194t, 612, 614f Acrochordus javanicus, 198f, 612 Actinemys marmorata, 430t Actinistia, 10f Acutotyphlops, 600 Adelophis, 625 Adelophryne, 500 Adelotus, 482 Adelphicos, 624 Adelphobates, 315, 335, 343­344, 489­490 Adelphobates castaneoticus, 313, 343­344, 344f Adelphobates galactonotus, 336f, 489f Adelphobates quinqevittatus, 336f Adenomera, 486 Adenomus, 491 Adolfus, 572 Aeluroglena, 622­623 Aeluroscalabotes, 561 Afrixalus, 513­514 Afrixalus delicatus, 276 Afrixalus fulvovittatus, 512f Afrixalus knysnae, 513­514 Afroablepharus, 568 Afrobatrachia, 395f Afroedura, 562 Afrogecko, 562 Afronatrix, 625 Agalychnis, 124, 163­164, 275, 495 Agalychnis callidryas, 133, 342 Agalychnis moreletii, 331­332 Agama, 585 Agama agama, 270 Agama savignyi, 207­208, 208f Agamidae, 107t­109t, 110, 126­127, 126t, 134t, 137t­138t, 151f, 189, 190f, 257t, 287f, 427t, 556, 556f, 582, 584­586 Agaminae, 584, 585­586, 585f Agamodon, 571 Agamura, 562 Agkistrodon, 299, 615 Agkistrodon contortrix, 145f, 360t Agkistrodon piscivorus, 246 Aglypha, 598 Aglyptodactylus, 504 Ahaetulla, 622­623 Ailuronyx, 387, 388t, 562 Aipysurus, 620, 621 Aistopoda, 10f, 14­15, 14f, 84f­85f, 85 Albanerpeton, 85f, 90f Albanerpetontidae, 85f, 90f Albericus, 518 Alethinophidia, 108t­109t, 598f, 603 Aleuroscalabotes feylinus, 298f Alexteroon, 513 Alexteroon obstetricans, 514 Algyroides, 572 Algyroides fitzingeri, 572­573 Alligator, 105, 176, 547, 549, 549f, 550 Alligator mississippiensis, 124­125, 129, 134t, 241t, 267, 267f, 280t, 360t, 424t­425t, 549­550 Alligator sinensis, 57f, 426, 549f, 550 Alligatoridae, 21, 97f, 104t, 126t, 134t, 257t, 546f, 547, 548­550, 549f Alligatorinae, 548­550, 549f Alligatoroidea, 104t Allobates, 163, 244, 335­336, 487 Allobates caeruleodactylus, 263, 263f, 488 Allobates chalcopis, 163, 488 Allobates conspicuous, 336f Allobates femoralis, 316f, 330f, 487­488, 488f Allobates gasconi, 330f Allobates nidicola, 163, 336f, 488 Allobates zaparo, 316f Allobatinae, 486­488, 488f Allopaa, 511 Allophryne, 483 Allophryne resplendens, 483 Allophryne ruthveni, 482f, 483 Allophrynidae, 473f, 482f, 483 Alluaudina, 620 Alopoglossinae, 574 Alopoglossus, 573 Alopoglossus angulatus, 573­574 Alsodes, 491 Alsodinae, 490, 491, 491f Alsophis, 624 Alsophis santicrucis, 431t­432t Alsophylax, 562 Altiphrynoides, 122, 491 Alytes, 92, 475 Alytes cisternasii, 475 Alytes muletensis, 430t, 439t, 440 Alytes obstetricans, 122f, 474f, 475 Alytidae, 92­94, 93t, 193t, 473f­474f, 475 Amapasaurus, 573 Amastridium, 624 Amblyodipsas, 618 Amblyomma, 350 Amblyomma marmoreum, 350 Amblyrhynchus, 312t, 313f, 587 Amblyrhynchus cristatus, 241t, 242f, 587­588 Ambystoma, 85f, 92, 136, 139­140, 140f, 241t, 275, 363, 412­413, 424t­425t, 436, 463 Ambystoma americanus, 370f Ambystoma annulatum, 463, 464f Ambystoma barbouri, 139­140, 141f Ambystoma gracile, 463 Ambystoma jeffersonianum, 137t­138t, 139­140, 140f­141f, 421t, 422 Ambystoma laterale, 137t­138t, 139­140, 140f­141f, 359, 370f, 424t­425t Ambystoma macrodactylum, 241, 412t Ambystoma maculatum, 123, 232, 252, 257t, 275, 370f, 412t, 421t, 422 Ambystoma mexicanum, 39, 463 Ambystoma opacum, 119­120, 132­133, 246, 363­364, 463 Ambystoma platineum, 139­140 Ambystoma talpoideum, 39­40, 40f, 119­120, 130, 132­133, 149­150, 247f, 258f, 463 Ambystoma texanum, 123f, 139­140, 140f­141f Ambystoma tigrinum, 39, 41f, 139­140, 140f, 141f, 197f, 198f, 241, 247f, 251, 363, 370f, 463 Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum, 412t Ambystoma tremblayi, 139­140 Ambystomatidae, 85f, 90t, 126t, 137t­138t, 193t, 257t, 457­458, 458f, 463, 464f Ameerega, 489 Ameerega parvula, 133, 263 731 732 Taxonomic Index Ameerega picta, 330­331 Ameerga petersi, 330f Ameerga trivittata, 330f Ameitophrynus, 399f Ameiva, 286, 361f, 415, 575 Ameiva ameiva, 124­125, 135, 284, 361f, 575 Ameiva exsul, 280t Ameiva festiva, 207, 207f Ameiva fuscata, 360t Ameiva plei, 279, 286 Amietia, 506 Amietophrynus, 491 Amniota, 5t, 10f, 14f, 16, 16t, 17f­18f, 18, 19t, 117 Amolops, 508­509 Amphibia, 5t, 14­15, 16t, 26f, 36t, 427t Amphibolurus, 585 Amphibolurus muricatus, 120, 128 Amphiesma, 625 Amphiesmoides, 625 Amphiglossus, 568 Amphisbaena, 337­338, 556f, 571, 572 Amphisbaena alba, 337­338, 338f, 572 Amphisbaena fuliginosa, 391 Amphisbaenia, 5­7, 20, 97f, 107t­108t, 126t, 171t, 556f, 558f, 568, 569, 570, 571 Amphisbaenidae, 108t­109t, 397, 403f, 558f, 569f, 570, 571­572, 571f Amphiuma, 91, 303, 466 Amphiuma means, 466 Amphiuma pholeter, 466 Amphiuma tridactylum, 133, 466 Amphiumidae, 85f, 90t, 91, 212t, 257t, 457­458, 458f, 466, 466f Amplorhinus, 620 Amyda, 531 Anadia, 573 Anaxyrus, 193t, 300, 334, 394, 399f, 491 Anaxyrus americanus, 48t, 492f Anaxyrus boreas, 251, 295 Anaxyrus houstonensis, 440, 440f Anaxyrus punctatus, 185, 185f Anaxyrus woodhousii, 282 Ancylocranium, 571 Andinobates, 330­331 Andinophryne, 491 Andrias, 91­92, 207, 459 Andrias davidianus, 257t, 459 Andrias japonicus, 459 Androngo, 568 Aneides, 92, 468 Aneides lugubris, 257t Anelytropsis, 557, 559, 560 Angolosaurus, 313f Anguidae, 108t­109t, 151f, 212t, 240f, 257t, 287f, 298f, 431t­432t, 555, 556f, 558, 576­577, 577f, 578, 579 Anguimorpha, 97f, 108t­109t, 240, 240f, 372f­373f, 556f, 558f, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581 Anguinae, 577­578 Anguis, 576 Anguis fragilis, 311, 376­377, 440, 576 Anhydrophryne, 506 Aniliidae, 108t­109t, 598, 598f, 603­604, 604f Anilius, 303, 404f, 604 Anilius scytale, 603, 604, 604f Anisolepis, 593 Anniella, 578­579 Anniella gerominensis, 578­579 Anniella pulchra, 578­579, 578f Anniellidae, 576, 577, 578­579 Annulata, 110, 556f, 557 Anodonthyla, 517 Anolis, 3­4, 28t, 130, 135­136, 147­148, 214f, 232, 250, 257t, 268­270, 269f, 286, 321, 361f, 370­372, 370f, 389, 589 Anolis aeneus, 237, 271, 390f Anolis agassizi, 390f Anolis auratus, 250 Anolis brasiliensis, 389 Anolis carolinensis, 270, 287f, 424t­425t Anolis carpenteri, 269f, 390f Anolis chrysolepis, 389, 390f Anolis cristatellus, 213­214, 214f, 250 Anolis equestris, 589­590 Anolis fuscoauratus, 390f Anolis gingivinus, 347­348 Anolis grahami, 390f Anolis gundlachi, 214, 214f Anolis humilis, 390f Anolis lemurinus, 390f Anolis limifrons, 346­347, 390f Anolis lineatopus, 390f Anolis lineatus, 390f Anolis mestrei, 390f Anolis microtus, 390f Anolis n. See also Leptotyphlopidae Caudacaecilia, 449 Caudacaecilia nigroflava, 450 Caudata, 5, 5t, 14f, 18f, 25f, 90, 90t, 391f, 457 Causinae, 615 Causus, 615, 616, 617 Cautula, 568 Celatiscincus, 568 Celestus, 577, 578 Celestus curtissi, 578 Celestus macrotus, 578 Celestus occiduus, 431t­432t Celtedens ibericus, 90f Cemophora, 622­623 Centrolene, 484 Centrolene geckoideum, 483­484 Centrolene prosoblepon, 276 Centrolenidae, 93t, 163­164, 166f, 172, 473f, 483­484, 483f Centroleninae, 483, 484 Cerastes, 616, 617 Ceratobatrachidae, 93t, 473f, 509, 509f, 510f Ceratobatrachus, 509 Ceratophora, 585 Ceratophora tennentii, 585f Ceratophryidae, 93t, 188, 189f, 199f, 201f, 473f, 496­497, 496f Ceratophryinae, 495f, 496­497 Ceratophrys, 50, 53f, 87, 188, 301, 491, 496, 497 Ceratophrys calcarata, 497 Ceratophrys cornuta, 53f, 301, 301f, 495f, 497 Ceratophrys ornata, 497 Cerberus, 617 Cerberus rhynchops, 194t Cercolophia, 572 Cercophis, 624 Cercosaura, 573 Cercosaurinae, 574 Cerrophidion, 615 Ceuthomantidae, 400f, 473f, 498­499 Chabanaudia, 568 Chacophrys, 497 Chalarodon, 404f, 593 Chalarodon madagascarensis, 593 Chalcides, 568 Chalcidoseps, 568 Chamaeleo, 28t, 404f, 582 Chamaeleo dilepis, 583­584 Chamaeleo goetzei, 257t Chamaeleonidae, 107t­109t, 137t­138t, 151f, 212t, 240f, 257t, 298f, 556, 556f, 558f, 582­584, 583f Chamaelycus, 619 Chamaesaura, 563 Chamopsiinae, 574 Chaperina, 517 Chapinophis, 622­623 Charadrahyla, 494 Charina, 404f, 609, 610 Charina bottae, 609­610, 612f Chatogekko amazonicus, 311f Chelidae, 106t, 126t, 134t, 427t, 524, 525f, 527­528, 528f, 529f Chelodina, 386­387, 388f, 527­528 Chelodina expansa, 527­528 Chelodina longicollis, 134t Chelodina oblongata, 529f Taxonomic Index 735 Chelodina rugosa, 43, 124­125, 528, 529f Chelomacryptodira, 525 Chelonia, 107, 524, 531 Chelonia agassizii, 24t Chelonia mydas, 24t, 47, 236, 245, 253, 312t, 346, 347f, 422, 423, 436­437, 531­532, 533f Chelonia mydas carrinegra, 24t Cheloniidae, 99, 106t, 126t, 427t, 430t, 524­525, 525f, 531­532, 532f, 533f Chelonioidea, 106t Chelonoides abingtonii, 431t­432t Chelonoides carbonaria, 312t Chelonoides hoodensis, 439t Chelonoidis, 537 Chelonoidis carbonaria, 537, 538f Chelonoidis denticulata, 537, 538f Chelonoidis elephantopus, 537 Chelosania, 135, 585 Chelus, 388f, 524 Chelus fimbriatus, 300, 309, 528 Chelydra, 106­107, 423­425, 533, 534f Chelydra serpentina, 124­125, 134t, 244, 333, 368­369, 369f, 424t­425t, 533­534, 534f Chelydridae, 106t, 126t, 134t, 213t, 524, 525f, 533­534, 534f Chelydropsis, 106­107 Chersina, 537 Chersodromus, 624 Chiasmocleis, 516 Chiasmocleis albopunctata, 186f Chikila fulleri, 452, 452f Chikilidae, 397t, 452, 452f Chilomeniscus, 622­623 Chilorhinophis, 618 Chinemys reevesi, 424t­425t Chioglossa, 306, 462 Chionactis, 622­623 Chioninia, 568 Chirindia, 571 Chirindia rondoense, 572 Chiromantis, 182, 188, 192, 213, 506 Chiromantis petersii, 188 Chiromantis xerampelina, 188, 506 Chironius, 244, 622­623 Chironius flavolineatus, 244f Chiropterotriton, 468 Chitra, 531 Chitulia, 620 Chlamydosaurus, 585 Chlamydosaurus kingi, 348 Chlorolius, 513 Choerophryne, 518 Chondrodactylus, 562 Chordata, 23 Christinus, 562 Chrysemys, 542 Chrysemys picta, 43, 48t, 125­126, 125f, 131­132, 131f, 220, 221, 244, 333, 368­369, 541 Chrysemys scripta, 424t­425t Chrysobatrachus, 513 Chrysopaa, 511 Chrysopelea, 622­623 Chthonerpeton, 453 Chunerpeton tianyiensis, 90 Churamiti, 491 Claudiosaurus, 96­98, 97f Claudius, 536 Claudius angustatus, 536­537 Clelia, 624 Clemmys, 541 Clemmys guttata, 244, 249, 542 Clinotarsus, 508 Clonophis, 625 Cnemaspis, 562 Cnemidophorus, 135, 137t­138t, 143f, 236, 286, 313f, 361f, 572­573, 575 Cnemidophorus arenivagus, 143f Cnemidophorus arubensis, 575 Cnemidophorus cryptus, 137t­138t, 143f Cnemidophorus gramivagus, 143f Cnemidophorus lemniscatus, 575 Cnemidophorus lemniscatus lemniscatus, 143f Cnemidophorus lemniscatus splendidus, 143f Cnemidophorus mumbuca, 361, 361f Cnemidophorus murinus, 575 Cnemidophorus ocellifer, 135 Cnemidophorus pseudolemniscatus, 137t­138t, 143f Cnemidophorus ruthveni, 214­215, 215f, 333 Cochranella, 484 Coelognathus, 622­623 Coelophysis, 86f Coelurosauravus, 99­100 Coelurosauria, 20f Coeranoscincus, 568 Coggeria, 568 Coleodactylus, 338f, 562 Coleodactylus septentrionalis, 311f Coleonyx, 225­226, 226f, 561 Coleonyx brevis, 340, 561f Coleonyx elegans, 226, 226f Coleonyx mitratus, 226, 226f Coleonyx variegatus, 189, 191, 192f, 241t, 257t, 339­340 Collorhabdium, 623 Colobodactylus, 573 Colobosaura, 361f, 573 Colobosaura modesta, 361f Colobosauroides, 573 Coloptychon, 576 Colopus, 562 Colosteidae, 85f Colostethinae, 315, 488­489, 489f Colostethus, 489 Colostethus bocagei, 316f Colostethus elachyhistus, 316f Colostethus inguinalis, 122f Colostethus insperatus, 316f Colostethus kingsburyi, 316f Colostethus maculosus, 316f Colostethus nexipus, 316f Colostethus pulchellus, 316f Colostethus sauli, 316f Colostethus talamancae, 316f Colostethus trilineatus, 316f Colostethus vertebralis, 316f Coluber, 112, 237, 622­623 Coluber bilineata, 24t Coluber constrictor, 147f, 233t, 360t Coluber terstriatus, 24t Coluber viperinus, 24t Coluber viridiflavus, 249, 250f Colubridae, 21­22, 108t­109t, 126t, 134t, 151f, 212t, 304f, 598, 598f, 599, 613, 614, 617, 622­626, 622f Colubrinae, 598­599, 622­623, 623f Colubroidea, 108t­109t, 598­599, 598f Comonecturiodes marshi, 90­91 Compsophis, 620 Coniophanes, 624 Coniophis, 112 Conolophus, 313f, 587­588 Conolophus pallidus, 217­218, 219f, 587­588 Conophis, 624 Conopsis, 622­623 Conraua, 507 Conraua goliath, 207, 507 Conrauinae, 396f Contia, 624 Cophixalus, 518 Cophixalus parkeri, 172­173 Cophosaurus, 586 Cophosaurus texanus, 134t, 320f Cophoscincopus, 568 Cophotis, 585 Cophotis ceylanica, 586 Cophyla, 517 Cophylinae, 515, 517 Copiula, 518 Corallus, 299, 404f, 609 Corallus caninus, 609, 611f Corallus hortulanus, 297f, 299f, 302, 609, 611f Cordylidae, 107t­109t, 110, 134t, 240f, 257t, 556f, 563­564, 564f, 565, 565f, 566 Cordylinae, 298f Cordylosaurus, 564 Cordylus, 404f, 563, 564 Cordylus cataphractus, 343 Cordylus cordylus, 257t Cordylus niger, 565f Cordylus polyzonus, 134t Coronella, 622­623 Coronella austriaca, 134t, 376­377 Corucia, 313f, 568 Corucia zebrata, 312t, 568 Coryphophylax, 585 Corythomantis, 494 Corytophanes, 590 Corytophanes pericarinata, 590 Corytophanidae, 298f, 556, 558f, 589, 590, 590f Costata, 93t Cosymbotus platyurus, 298 Cotylosauria, 14f, 16t Cranopsis, 394, 399f Crassigyrinus, 4f, 10f Craugastor, 261, 500 Craugastor augusti, 500 Craugastor megacephalus, 499f Craugastor mimus, 323t­324t Craugastoridae, 400f, 499f, 500­501 Crenadactylus, 560 736 Taxonomic Index Crepidophryne, 491 Cricosaura, 565­566 Cricosaura typica, 565­566 Crinia, 275, 481 Crinia signifera, 482f Crisantophis, 624 Crocodilurus, 575­576 Crocodilurus amazonicus, 575­576 Crocodylia, 5t, 18f, 19t, 20f, 21, 26f, 103­104, 104t, 431t­432t, 545­552 Crocodylidae, 21, 97f, 104t, 126t, 257t, 431t­432t, 546­548, 550­552, 551f Crocodyliformes, 21, 102­103, 104t, 545 Crocodyloidea, 104t Crocodylotarsi, 20­21, 20f, 104t Crocodylus, 105, 176, 193­194, 194t, 546f, 547, 550­552 Crocodylus acutus, 60f, 545­546 Crocodylus intermedius, 552 Crocodylus johnsoni, 124­125, 135, 190­191, 551f Crocodylus mindorensis, 150, 173­174, 426 Crocodylus moreletii, 300 Crocodylus niloticus, 150, 173­174, 233t, 552 Crocodylus novaeguineae, 545­546 Crocodylus palustris, 174f Crocodylus porosus, 124­125, 124f, 135, 150, 172, 192, 194t, 545­546, 551­552, 551f Crocodylus raninus, 431t­432t Crossobamon, 562 Crossodactylodes, 490 Crossodactylus, 486 Crotalinae, 299, 614, 615­616, 616f Crotalus, 221, 299, 615 Crotalus atrox, 355­357, 424t­425t Crotalus cerastes, 224, 224f, 225f, 241t, 244 Crotalus durissus, 216f Crotalus horridus, 150 Crotalus lepidus, 324, 325f Crotalus oreganus, 242 Crotalus viridis, 236, 242, 246, 278, 314, 616f Crotaphatrema, 395­397, 402f, 450­451 Crotaphatrema lamottei, 448f Crotaphatrema tchabalmbaboensis, 402f Crotaphopeltis, 622­623 Crotaphytidae, 556, 558f, 587, 587f, 588, 588f Crotaphytus, 3­4, 401­403, 404f­405f, 588 Crotaphytus antiquus, 394, 405f Crotaphytus bicintores, 401­403, 405f Crotaphytus collaris, 124­125, 401­403, 405f, 587f Crotaphytus dickersonae, 405f Crotaphytus grismeri, 405f Crotaphytus insularis, 405f Crotaphytus nebrius, 401­403, 405f Crotaphytus reticulatus, 405f Crotaphytus vestigium, 401­403, 405f Cruziohyla, 495 Cruziohyla calcarifer, 164, 495f, 496 Cruziohyla craspedopus, 164 Cryophis, 624 Cryptactites, 562 Cryptagama, 585 Cryptagama aurita, 585 Cryptobatrachus, 166, 497­498 Cryptoblepharus, 151, 568 Cryptoblepharus plagiocephalus, 135 Cryptobranchidae, 85f, 90t, 91, 212t, 257t, 457­458, 458f, 459, 460f Cryptobranchoidea, 90, 90t, 457, 458 Cryptobranchoidei, 90t Cryptobranchus, 47, 48t, 56f, 61f, 91­92, 459 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, 48t, 61f, 176, 197, 198f, 308, 459, 460f Cryptobratrachus, 166 Cryptodira, 97f, 106t, 523­524, 524f, 525f, 528 Cryptothylax, 513 Cryptotriton, 468 Ctenoblepharys, 313, 592 Ctenophorus, 585 Ctenophorus fordi, 586 Ctenophryne, 516 Ctenophryne geayi, 516f Ctenosaura, 313f, 587 Ctenosaura pectinata, 57f Ctenotus, 134t, 135­136, 568 Cuora, 538 Cuora aureocapita, 539 Cuora trifasciata, 423­425, 539 Cyclanorbinae, 530, 530f Cyclanorbis, 530 Cyclanorbis elegans, 530 Cyclemys, 538 Cyclemys dentata, 539 Cycloderma, 530 Cyclodina northlandi, 431t­432t, 432 Cyclodomorphus, 568 Cycloramphidae, 93t, 473f, 490­491, 490f Cycloramphinae, 490­491, 491f Cycloramphus, 490­491 Cyclorana, 221 Cyclotyphlops, 600 Cyclura, 313f, 417, 419f, 587, 588 Cyclura carinata, 150, 312t Cyclura collei, 431t­432t Cyclura nublia, 419f Cylindraspis inepta, 431t­432t Cylindrophiidae, 598, 607f, 608 Cylindrophis, 404f, 608 Cylindrophis ruffus, 607f Cynisca, 571 Cynops, 462 Cynops pyrrhogaster, 424t­425t Cynosphenodon, 553 Cyrtopodion, 562 D Daboia, 616 Dactyloidae, 558f, 589­590, 589f, 590f Dalophia, 571 Darevskia, 572 Darevskia armeniaca, 138t Darevskia bendimahiensis, 137t­138t Darevskia dahli, 137t­138t Darevskia rostombekovi, 137t­138t Darevskia sapphirina, 137t­138t Darevskia saxicola, 140 Darevskia unisexualis, 138t, 141­142 Darevskia uzzeli, 137t­138t Dasia, 568 Dasypeltis, 622­623 Dasypops, 516 Deinagkistrodon, 615 Deirochelyinae, 542 Deirochelys, 542 Deirochelys reticularia, 131­132, 131f, 244 Delma, 560 Delma australis, 560­561 Demansia, 620 Dendragama, 585 Dendrelaphis, 622­623 Dendroaspis, 620 Dendrobates, 243, 264, 315, 335­336, 489, 515­516 Dendrobates arboreus, 316f Dendrobates auratus, 316f, 323t­324t Dendrobates duellmani, 316f Dendrobates fantasticus, 316f Dendrobates fulguritus, 316f Dendrobates granuliferus, 316f Dendrobates imitator, 316f Dendrobates minutus, 316f Dendrobates pumilio, 316f Dendrobates reticulatus, 316f Dendrobates speciosus, 316f Dendrobates sylvaticus, 316f Dendrobates vanzolinii, 316f Dendrobates variabilis, 316f Dendrobates ventrimaculatus, 316f Dendrobatidae, 93t, 335­336, 473f, 487­490, 488f Dendrobatinae, 315, 488­490, 489f Dendrobatoidea, 486, 488 Dendrolycus, 619 Dendrophidion, 622­623 Dendrophryniscus, 399f, 491 Dendrophryniscus carvalhoi, 491­493 Dendrophryniscus minutus, 492f Dendropsophus, 163­164, 494 Dendropsophus ebraccatus, 260 Dendropsophus minutus, 282 Dendropsophus parviceps, 262, 263f Dendrosophus ebraccatus, 133 Dendrosophus sarayacuensis, 133 Dendrotriton, 468 Denisonia, 620 Densignathus, 7 Dermatemydidae, 106t, 126t, 524, 525f, 534­536, 535f Dermatemys mawii, 534­535, 535f Dermatonotus, 516 Dermatonotus muelleri, 40f Dermochelyidae, 99, 107, 126t, 524­525, 525f, 532­533, 533f Dermochelys, 524­525 Dermochelys coriacea, 217, 236, 430t, 532, 533f Dermophiidae, 454, 455­456 Dermophiinae, 448 Dermophis, 449, 455 Dermophis mexicanus, 161, 161f, 449, 455­456 Taxonomic Index 737 Dermophis parviceps, 455­456 Desmognathus, 40, 48t, 257, 468 Desmognathus apalachicolae, 468 Desmognathus carolinensis, 468 Desmognathus fuscus, 233t, 249 Desmognathus imitator, 330 Desmognathus monticola, 234 Desmognathus ocoee, 146t Desmognathus quadramaculatus, 48t Desmognathus wrighti, 468 Diadectomorpha, 10f, 14f, 16t, 17f, 97f Diadectosalamandroidei, 89­90 Diadectosalamdroidei, 90t Diadophis, 252, 624 Diadophis punctatus, 48t, 241t Diaglena, 494 Diaphorolepis, 624 Diapsida, 5t, 17f, 19, 19t, 20f, 96, 101, 104t Dibamidae, 107t­108t, 372f­373f, 556f, 557­560, 558f, 559f Dibamus, 557, 559 Dicamptodon, 85f, 90t, 91, 463 Dicamptodon aterrimus, 464f Dicamptodon copei, 463 Dicamptodon ensatus, 193t, 257t, 463 Dicamptodon tenebrosus, 463 Dicamptodontidae, 85f, 90t, 463 Dicrodon, 110, 575 Dicrodon guttulatum, 143f, 312t, 575 Dicroglossidae, 93t, 192, 193t, 473f, 510­511, 511f Dicroglossinae, 396f, 398f, 510f, 511 Didynamipus, 491 Dienonychus, 101f Dierogekko, 560 Dimetrodon, 96 Dinarolacerta, 572 Dinilysia, 112, 112f Dinilysiidae, 112 Dinodon, 622­623 Dinosauria, 20, 20f, 97f Diplocaulus, 84f, 85­86 Diplodactylidae, 126, 126t, 558f, 559f, 560 Diplodactylinae, 556­557, 559f Diplodactylus, 560 Diplodactylus ciliaris, 335f Diplodactylus pulcher, 559f Diplodactylus spinigerus, 336 Diploglossa, 556f Diploglossiade, 107t­108t Diploglossidae, 558f, 576, 577­578, 578f, 579 Diploglossus, 577, 578 Diploglossus anelpistus, 578 Diploglossus delasagra, 578 Diploglossus fasciatus, 578f Diploglossus lessonae, 135, 329­330 Diploglossus warreni, 578 Diplolaemus, 404f, 593 Diplometopon, 571 Dipnoi, 10f, 18f, 85f Diporiphora, 135, 585 Dipsadinae, 599, 622, 624­625, 624f Dipsadoboa, 622­623 Dipsas, 624­625 Dipsas indica, 303f Dipsina, 619 Dipsochelys dussumieri, 360t Dipsosaurus, 313f, 587 Dipsosaurus dorsalis, 190, 225f, 269f, 296, 312t, 321, 323t­324t Dischidodactylus, 501 Discodeles, 509 Discodeles bufoniformis, 509 Discoglossidae, 126t Discoglossus, 92, 475 Discoglossus nigriventer, 431t­432t Discoglossus pictus, 475 Discoglossus sardus, 193t Dispholidus, 622­623 Disteira, 620 Ditaxodon, 624 Ditypophis, 620 Dixonius, 562 Dogania, 531 Dogania subplana, 531 Dorsetisauridae, 103­104 Doswellia, 20 Dracaena, 74­75, 302, 575 Dracaena guianensis, 575­576 Draco, 21, 99­100, 100f, 331­332, 585 Draco jareckii, 100f Drepanoides, 624 Dromicodryas, 620 Dryadophis, 622­623 Drymarchon, 622­623 Drymobius, 622­623 Drymoluber, 622­623 Dryocalamus, 622­623 Dryophiops, 622­623 Drysadalia, 620­621 Duberria, 620 Duellmanohyla, 494 Duttaphrynus, 201f, 399f, 491 Dyscophinae, 517 Dyscophus, 517 Dyscophus antongili, 517 E Ebenavia, 562 Echinanthera, 624 Echinosaura, 573 Echinotriton, 333, 462 Echinotriton andersoni, 333f Echiopsis, 620 Echis, 616 Echis carinatus, 331, 616­617 Echis coloratus, 616­617 Ecnomiohyla, 494 Ecnomiohyla miliaria, 331­332 Ecpleopinae, 574 Ecpleopus, 573 Edalorhina, 484 Edalorhina perezi, 485f Edaphosaurus, 96 Edops, 4f, 14­15, 14f Egernia, 288, 313f, 568 Egernia depressa, 567f Egernia hosmeri, 288 Egernia saxatilis, 175­176, 271 Egernia stokesii, 271, 280t Egernia whitii, 175­176 Eichstaettisaurus, 103­104 Eirenis, 622­623 Elachistocleis, 516 Elachistocleis ovalis, 311f Elachistodon, 622­623 Elaphe, 622­623 Elaphe carinata, 424t­425t Elaphe radiata, 424t­425t Elapidae, 108t­109t, 126t, 134t, 151f, 169­170, 303, 304f, 598­599, 598f, 613, 614, 617, 619, 619f, 620­622 Elapinae, 621f Elapognathus, 620 Elapomorphus, 624 Elapotinus, 618 Elapsoidea, 620 Elasmodactylus, 562 Eleutherodactylidae, 400f, 498f, 499­500 Eleutherodactylinae, 499­500 Eleutherodactylus, 43, 95, 122­124, 261, 394­395, 414­415, 472, 499, 500 Eleutherodactylus cooki, 163 Eleutherodactylus coqui, 172, 186, 186f, 360t, 429­430, 429f, 499 Eleutherodactylus eneidae, 431t­432t Eleutherodactylus jasperi, 165­166, 169, 431t­432t, 499 Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti, 431t­432t Eleutherodactylus marnockii, 233t Eleutherodactylus martinicensis, 193t Eleutherodactylus nubicola, 41f Elgaria coerulea, 168, 576­577 Elgaria multicarinata, 350, 577 Elginerpeton, 3, 7, 10f Elpistostege, 8­9, 10f Elseya, 527 Elusor, 527 Elusor macrurus, 528 Emmochiliopis, 624 Emoia, 568 Emoia cyanura, 557 Emoia nigra, 428 Emydidae, 106t, 126t, 134t, 213t, 427t, 524­525, 525f, 540­542 Emydinae, 540f, 541­542 Emydocephalus, 620 Emydoidea, 541, 542 Emydoidea blandingii, 124­125, 359, 368­369, 369f, 430t Emydura, 387­389, 388f, 527 Emys, 524, 541­542 Emys blandingii, 542 Emys marmorata, 542 Emys orbicularis, 126­127 Engystomops, 3­4, 484 Engystomops petersi, 390, 392f Engystomops pustulosus, 260, 261 Enhydrina, 620 Enhydrina schistosa, 360t Enhydris, 617 Enhydris plumbae, 244­245, 617f 738 Taxonomic Index Enneabatrachus, 93­94 Ensatina, 36t, 187, 468 Ensatina escholtzii, 198f Ensatina eschscholtzii, 437 Enuliophis, 624 Enulius, 624 Enyalioides, 592 Enyalioides palpebralis, 332f, 591f Enyalius, 593 Enyalius leechi, 593f Eocaecilia, 85f, 89, 92 Eocaecilia micropodia, 4f, 89 Eocaiman, 105 Eodiscoglossus, 92 Eopelobates, 94 Epacrophis, 602 Epanodonta, 598. See also Typhlopidae Ephalophis, 620 Epicrates, 176, 404f, 609 Epicrates cenchria, 338f, 609, 611f Epicrionops, 448­449 Epicrionops petersi, 55f, 448f Epictia, 603 Epictinae, 601, 602, 603 Epidalea, 491 Epidalea calamita, 282, 412t Epipedobates, 489 Epipedobates anthonyi, 316f Epipedobates bassleri, 316f Epipedobates bilinguis, 316f Epipedobates boulengeri, 316f Epipedobates hahneli, 316f Epipedobates parvulus, 316f Epipedobates rubriventris, 316f Epipedobates silverstonei, 316f Epipedobates tricolor, 173f, 316f Epipedobates trivittatus, 316f Eremianae, 573 Eremias, 572 Eremiascincus, 568 Eretmochelys, 531 Eretmochelys imbricata, 531­532 Ericabatrachus, 506 Eristocophis, 616 Eroticoscincus, 568 Erpeton, 617 Erpeton tentaculatum, 300, 300f Erycinae, 608, 609­610, 612f Erymnochelys, 404f, 526 Eryops, 4f, 14­15, 84, 84f, 87­88 Erythrolamprus, 624 Erythrolamprus aesculapii, 624f Eryx, 404f, 609, 610 Estesia, 111 Etheridgeum, 623 Eublepharidae, 126­127, 126t, 131f, 558f, 561, 561f Eublepharinae, 298f Eublepharis, 561 Eugongylus, 568 Eulamprus, 568 Eulamprus tympanum, 129 Euleptes, 562 Eumeces, 40, 124, 377f, 568 Eumeces laticeps, 40 Eumecia, 568 Eunectes, 404f, 609 Eunectes murinus, 279 Eunotosaurus, 98 Euparkerella, 501 Euparkeria, 20, 101 Eupemphix, 484 Eupemphix nattereri, 326­327 Euphlyctis, 193t, 511 Euposauridae, 97f, 103­104 Euprepes, 568 Euproctus, 462 Eureptilia, 4f, 5t, 14f, 17f, 19t, 33, 96 Euryapsida, 19­20, 20f Eurycea, 334, 467, 468 Eurycea bislineata, 41f, 399­400 Eurycea lucifuga, 355­357 Eurycea tynerensis, 240­241 Eurycea wilderae, 48t Eurydactylodes, 560 Eurylepis, 568 Eusophus, 491 Euspondylus, 573 Eusthenopteron, 4f, 7­9, 8f, 11f, 13f, 85f Eutropis, 568 Exallodontophis, 620 Exerodonta, 494 Exiliboa, 404f, 609 Exiliboa placata, 609 F Farancia, 624 Farancia abacura, 124­125, 624­625 Fejervarya, 511 Fejervarya cancrivora, 193, 193t Feylinia, 567, 568 Feylininae, 566 Ficimia, 622­623 Fimbrios, 613 Flaviagama, 110 Flectonotus, 166­167, 172f, 174, 497­498 Flectonotus fitzgeraldi, 172f Fojia, 568 Fordonia, 617 Fordonia leucobalia, 617 Fritziana, 166­167 Frostius, 491 Furcifer, 582 Furcifer minor, 583f Furcifer pardalis, 296f, 307f Furina, 620 G Gallotia, 271, 313f, 572 Gallotia goliath, 431t­432t Gallotia stehlini, 48t, 257t, 572­573 Gallotianae, 573 Gambelia, 401­403, 402f, 588 Gambelia copei, 401­403, 405f Gambelia sila, 401­403, 405f Gambelia wislizenii, 320f, 401­403, 405f Garthius, 615 Gastropholis, 572­573 Gastrophryne, 212t, 377f, 516 Gastrophryne carolinensis, 193t, 375­376 Gastrophryne olivacea, 375­376 Gastrophryninae, 516­517, 516f Gastrotheca, 166­167, 172f, 174, 195, 497­498 Gastrotheca cornuta, 196f Gastrotheca guentheri, 472 Gastrotheca walkeri, 55f, 172f, 498f Gavialidae, 97f, 104t, 126t, 257t, 547­548, 547f Gavialis, 104, 546­548, 546f Gavialis gangeticus, 439, 439t, 547, 547f, 548f Gavialidae, 547, 547f, 550 Gavialoidea, 104t Geagras, 622­623 Geckoella, 562 Geckolepis, 562 Geckonia, 563 Gegeneophis, 454 Gegeneophis danieli, 454f Gegeneophis pareshi, 454 Gegeneophis seshachari, 454 Gehyra, 387, 388t, 562 Gekko, 562 Gekko gecko, 257t, 424t­425t Gekkonidae, 126t, 137t­138t, 151f, 256, 257t, 298f, 556­557, 556f, 558f, 561, 562, 563f Gekkoninae, 556­557 Gekkonoidea, 126t, 212t Gekkota, 97f, 107t­108t, 109, 268, 287f, 292, 292f, 368f, 372f­373f, 427t, 431t­432t, 556, 557, 560, 561, 562 Gemmatophora, 135 Genophryne, 518 Geobatrachus, 501 Geocalamus, 571 Geochelone, 244, 537 Geochelone gigantea, 47­48, 48t, 145f, 147­148 Geochelone sulcata, 44f Geoclemys, 538 Geoclemys hamiltoni, 539 Geocrinia, 481­482 Geoemyda, 538 Geoemyda spengleri, 539 Geoemydidae, 126t, 524­525, 525f, 537­540, 538f Geomyersia, 568 Geophis, 624 Geosaurus, 98­99 Geoscincus, 568 Geotrypetes, 89, 455, 456 Gephyromantis, 504 Gephyromantis cornutus, 264f Gephyromantis eiselti, 503­504 Gephyromantis luteus, 264f Gephyromantis pseudoasper, 264f Gephyrosaurus, 21, 21f, 97f Gerarda, 617 Gerobatrachus, 88­89 Gerobatrachus hottoni, 15 Gerrhonotus, 576 Gerrhonotus liocephalus, 172, 576­577 Taxonomic Index 739 Gerrhopilidae, 598, 598f, 600­601 Gerrhopilus, 600, 601 Gerrhosauridae, 107t­108t, 110 Gerrhosaurus, 564 Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus, 565f Gerrhosaurus skoogi, 565 Gerrhosaurus skoogii, 312t Gerrhosaurus validus, 564­565 Gerrothorax, 87­88 Gigantophis, 112 Glaphyromorphus, 568 Gloydius, 615 Glyphoglossus, 517 Glyphoglossus molossus, 515 Glyptemys insculpta, 213 Glyptemys muhlenbergi, 541 Gnypetoscincus, 568 Gobiates, 94 Goggia, 562 Gomesophis, 624 Gonatodes, 562 Gonatodes albogularis, 391f, 561 Gonatodes annularis, 389­390, 391f Gonatodes caudiscutatus, 391f Gonatodes daudinii, 391f Gonatodes eladioi, 391f Gonatodes hasemani, 389­390, 391f Gonatodes humeralis, 124­125, 389­390, 391f Gonatodes ocellatus, 391f Gonatodes vittatus, 391f Gongylomorphus, 568 Gonionotophis, 619 Goniurosaurus, 561 Gonocephalus, 585 Gonyophis, 622­623 Gonyosoma, 622­623 Gopherus, 537 Gopherus agassizii, 127f, 194, 194f, 221, 265, 266f, 280t, 440­441, 537 Gopherus berlandieri, 124­125, 538f Gopherus polyphemus, 127f, 237, 312, 312t, 440 Graciliscincus, 568 Grandisonia, 388t, 454 Grandisonia brevis, 449 Graptemys, 244, 541, 542 Graptemys ouachitensis, 540f Grayia, 623 Grayia ornata, 623f Grayiinae, 622, 623, 626 Greererpeton, 4f Grypotyphlops, 600 Guibemantis, 504 Guibemantis bicalcaratus, 264f Guibemantis liber, 122f, 264f, 503­504 Guinea, 602, 603 Gyalopion, 622­623 Gymnodactylus, 361f, 563 Gymnodactylus carvalhoi, 361f Gymnophiona, 5, 5t, 14f, 18f, 85f, 89t, 447 Gymnophthalmidae, 107t­108t, 137t­138t, 143f, 151f, 556­557, 556f, 558f, 573­574, 573f­574f Gymnophthalmus, 573 Gymnophthalmus underwoodi, 137t­138t, 311f Gymnopis, 455 Gyrinophilus, 468 Gyrinophilus palleucus, 468 Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, 197f, 468 H Haackgreerius, 568 Habrosaurus, 91 Haemodracon, 563 Haemoproteus, 348t­349t Haitiophis, 624 Hakaria, 568 Hamptophryne, 516 Hannemani dunni, 348­350 Hapsidophrys, 622­623 Hardella, 538 Harpesaurus, 585 Heleioporus, 482­483 Heleioporus australiacus, 482­483 Heleophryne, 480 Heleophryne purcelli, 480, 480f Heleophrynidae, 93t, 473f, 480­481, 480f, 481f Helicops, 624 Heliobolus, 572 Heliobolus lugubris, 329­330, 329f Helminthophis, 603 Heloderma, 50, 304, 556, 557, 579­580 Heloderma horridum, 580, 580f Heloderma suspectum, 205, 580, 580f Helodermatidae, 212t, 298f, 303, 556f, 558f, 579­580, 579f, 580, 580f Hemachatus, 620, 621 Hemachatus anurans, 621 Hemiaspis, 620 Hemibungarus, 620 Hemibungarus calligaster, 329­330, 621f Hemidactylinae, 468 Hemidactylium, 63, 468 Hemidactylium scutatum, 123­124, 242, 370f Hemidactylus, 135, 137t­138t, 361f, 384­385, 424t­425t, 562 Hemidactylus agrius, 339­340 Hemidactylus frenatus, 298 Hemidactylus garnotii, 137t­138t, 562 Hemidactylus mabouia, 297f, 563f Hemidactylus stejnegeri, 137t­138t Hemidactylus turcicus, 298 Hemidactylus vietnamensis, 137t­138t Hemiergis, 568 Hemiphractidae, 473f, 497­498, 497f, 498f, 499 Hemiphractus, 166­167, 332, 497­498 Hemiphractus fasciatus, 259t Hemiphractus scutatus, 498f Hemiphyllodactylus, 562 Hemiphyllodactylus typus, 137t­138t Hemirhagerrhis, 619­620 Hemisotidae, 93t, 175, 473f, 511­513, 512f Hemisotinae, 396f Hemisphaeriodon, 568 Hemisus, 123­124, 175, 512­513 Hemisus guttatus, 306 Hemisus marmoratus, 512f Hemitheconyx, 226f, 561 Henophidia, 598­599 Heosemys, 538 Heosemys grandis, 539f Heosemys silvatica, 539 Herpele, 395­397, 448, 451­452 Herpele multiplicata, 452 Herpele squalostoma, 402f Herpelidae, 451­452, 451f Hesperornis, 99f Heterixalus, 513 Heterodactylus, 573 Heterodon, 337, 624 Heterodon platirhinos, 298, 337f Heteroliodon, 620 Heteronotia, 562 Heteronotia binoei, 137t­138t Heurnia, 617 Hierophis, 622­623 Hildebrandtia, 507 Hoburogecko, 110 Hodzhakulia, 110 Holaspis, 572­573 Holaspis guentheri, 572­573, 573f Holbrookia, 586, 587 Holbrookia propinqua, 270, 279, 321, 323t­324t, 341 Holoaden, 501 Holoadeninae, 501 Holodactylus, 226f, 561 Hologerrhum, 625 Homalopsidae, 598f, 599, 613, 614, 617 Homalopsinae, 617f Homalopsis, 617 Homalopsis buccata, 617 Homo sapiens, 409 Homonota, 563 Homopholis, 562 Homopus, 537 Homoroselaps, 598­599, 618, 619 Homoroselaps lacteus, 618f Hoplobatrachus, 511 Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, 424t­425t, 510f, 511 Hoplocephalus, 620 Hoplocephalus bungaroides, 236, 430t Hoplocercidae, 556, 588f, 591f, 592 Hoplocercus, 592 Hoplocercus spinosus, 591f Hoplodactylus, 560 Hoplodactylus delcourti, 431t­432t, 560 Hoplodactylus maculatus, 249 Hoplodactylus pacificus, 312t Hoplophryne, 517 Hoplophryninae, 515, 517 Hormonotus, 619 Huia, 508 Huia cavitympanum, 263 Humerana, 508 Hyalinobatrachium, 124, 484 Hyalinobatrachium fleishmanni, 172 Hyalinobatrachium iaspidiense, 482f Hyalinobatrachium valerioi, 172f 740 Taxonomic Index Hydomates, 468 Hydrablabes, 625 Hydraethiops, 625 Hydrelaps, 620 Hydrodynastes, 624 Hydrolaetare, 485 Hydromantes italicus, 296­298 Hydromedusa, 388f, 527, 528 Hydromorphus, 624 Hydrophiinae, 598­599, 621­622, 621f Hydrophis, 620, 621 Hydrophis spiralis, 621 Hydrops, 624 Hydrosaurus, 313f, 585 Hydrosaurus amboinensis, 585 Hyla, 95, 188, 334, 494 Hyla andersonii, 421­422, 421t Hyla chrysoscelis, 186f Hyla cinerea, 424t­425t Hyla meridionalis, 241t Hyla versicolor, 61f, 221, 363, 421t Hylaarborea, 132­133 Hylarana, 508 Hylarana arfaki, 508­509 Hylarana chalconota, 192 Hylarana signata, 192 Hylidae, 85f, 93t, 126t, 174­175, 187f, 188, 188f, 193t, 212t, 241, 263f, 342­343, 427t, 473f, 493­496, 493f Hylinae, 494­495, 494f Hylodes, 486 Hylodes asper, 262, 263f Hylodidae, 93t, 473f, 485f, 486, 486f Hyloidea, 93t, 473f, 482 Hylonomus, 18­19, 95­96 Hylonomus lyelli, 95f Hylophorbus, 518 Hylophorbus rufescens, 518 Hylorina, 491 Hyloscirtus, 494 Hyloxalinae, 489f, 490 Hyloxalus, 490 Hyloxalus chlorocraspedus, 330f, 489f, 490 Hymenochirus, 424t­425t, 477­478 Hymenochirus boettgeri, 309 Hymenochirus curtipes, 424t­425t Hynerpeton, 7 Hynobiidae, 90t, 91­92, 161, 457­458, 458f, 460, 461f Hynobius, 460 Hynobius leechi, 460f Hynobius lichenatus, 460 Hynobius retardatus, 336 Hyperoliidae, 93t, 188, 427t, 473f, 512f, 513­514, 513f Hyperolius, 182, 188, 513­514 Hyperolius puncticulatus, 513­514 Hyperolius pusillus, 513­514 Hyperolius viridiflavus, 188 Hypnale, 615 Hypogeophis, 454 Hypogeophis rostratus, 454 Hypopachus, 516 Hypoptophis, 618 Hyporhina, 110 Hypselotriton orientalis, 424t­425t Hypsiboas, 494 Hypsiboas boans, 123­124, 124f, 133, 162, 259t, 494­495 Hypsiboas cinerascens, 494f Hypsiboas faber, 494­495 Hypsiboas geographicus, 241 Hypsiboas lanciformis, 259t Hypsiboas rosenbergi, 123­124, 162, 172­173, 264, 494­495 Hypsicalotes, 585 Hypsiglena, 624 Hypsilurus, 585 Hypsirhynchus, 624 Isthmohyla, 494 Itapotihyla, 494 Ithycyphus, 620 J Jakubsonia, 7 Janetaescincus, 568 Japalura, 585 Japalura brevipes, 134t K Kababisha humarensi, 91 Kababisha sudanensis, 91 Kachuga, 539 Kachuga dhongoka, 539 Kaestlea, 568 Kalophryninae, 515, 516f Kalophrynus, 515 Kalophrynus pleurostigma, 516f Kaloula, 518 Kanakysaurus, 568 Karaurus sharovi, 4f, 90, 91f Karsenia, 468 Kassina, 513 Kassinula, 513 Kayentachelys aprix, 106 Kenichthys, 9, 10f Kentropyx, 137t­138t, 143f, 575 Kentropyx altamazonica, 143f Kentropyx borckiana, 143f Kentropyx borckianus, 137t­138t Kentropyx calcarata, 143f Kentropyx pelviceps, 143f, 574f Kentropyx striata, 143f Kerilia, 620 Kinixys, 537 Kinixys erosa, 537 Kinosternidae, 106t, 126t, 134t, 213t, 427t, 524­525, 525f, 536­537, 536f Kinosterninae, 535f, 536 Kinosternoidea, 106t Kinosternon, 536 Kinosternon baurii, 125, 194 Kinosternon flavescens, 124­125, 134t, 236, 241t, 536 Kinosternon scorpioides, 536 Kinosternon sonoriense, 236 Kinosternon subrubrum, 244, 435­436 Kizylkuma, 94 Kolphophis, 620 Kuehneosauridae, 21, 21f, 97f, 103 Kuehneosaurus, 100f, 103 I Ialtris, 624 Iberolacerta, 572 Iberolacerta cyreni, 323t­324t, 336­337, 337f Iberolacerta monticola, 271, 272, 323t­324t, 340 Iberovaranus, 111 Icarosaurus, 100f Ichnotropis, 572 Ichthyophiidae, 89t, 391f, 397t, 401f, 448, 449­450, 450f Ichthyophis, 449, 450 Ichthyophis bannanicus, 450f Ichthyophis bombayensis, 450 Ichthyophis glandulosus, 432 Ichthyophis glutinosus, 448f, 450 Ichthyophis kohtaoensis, 149, 161, 450 Ichthyosauria, 19­20, 20f, 97f Ichthyosaurus intermedius, 99f Ichthyostega, 3, 4f, 7­9, 8f, 83, 85f Ichthyostegalia, 3, 4f, 85f Ichythyophis, 56f Idiocranium, 454 Idiocranium russeli, 454 Iguana, 302, 331­332, 419f, 426, 587, 588, 592 Iguana iguana, 23, 172­173, 271, 312, 312t, 587f, 588 Iguania, 21, 28t, 97f, 103­104, 107t­108t, 109, 126t, 130, 151f, 212t, 240, 240f, 268, 270, 279, 292f, 296, 298, 313, 368f, 372f­373f, 427t, 431t, 556­557, 556f, 558f, 582, 584, 586­587, 588, 589, 590, 592, 593 Iguanidae, 23, 107t­109t, 110, 287f, 291, 296, 298, 312t, 315, 556, 556f, 558f, 573f, 587­588, 587f Iguanognathus, 625 Imantodes, 624­625 Incilius periglenes, 431t­432t Indirana, 265, 392­394, 502f, 503 Indotestudo, 537 Indotestudo forsteni, 537 Indotyphlidae, 454, 454f Indotyphlus, 454 Ingerana, 511 Ingerophrynus, 399f, 491 Insuetophrynus, 491 Iphisa, 573 Iranolacerta, 572 Ischnocnema, 500 Isopachys, 568 L Lacerta, 197, 270, 572 Lacerta agilis, 129, 129f, 167, 279, 280t, 439­440, 439t Lacerta armeniaca, 137t­138t Lacerta crocodilus, 546 Lacerta viridis, 198f Lacertaspis, 568 Lacertidae, 107t­109t, 110, 126t, 134t, 137t­138t, 151f, 212t, 240f, 257t, 268, 287f, 298f, 427t, 431t­432t, 556, 556f, 557, 558f, 572­573, 572f, 573f Taxonomic Index 741 Lacertiformes, 556f, 557, 572, 573, 574 Lacertinae, 573 Lacertoides, 568 Lachesis, 615, 616 Lachesis muta, 237, 430t, 615­616 Laemanctus, 590 Lalagobatrachia, 472 Laliostoma, 504 Laliostoma labrosum, 504 Laliostominae, 398f, 504 Lamprolepis, 568 Lampropeltis, 622­623 Lamprophiidae, 598f, 599, 613, 614, 617­620, 618f Lamprophiinae, 617, 619 Lamprophis, 619 Lampropholis, 568 Lampropholis delicata, 149 Lampropholis guichenoti, 148 Langaha, 617, 620 Lankanectes, 392­394, 398f, 509­510 Lankanectinae, 396f, 398f Lankascincus, 568 Lanthanotidae, 558f, 580, 581 Lanthanotinae, 581f­582f Lanthanotus, 556, 557, 581 Lanthanotus borneensis, 581, 582f Lanzarana, 507 Lapemis, 620 Lapparentophis, 111 Lapparentophis defrennei, 111 Larutia, 568 Latastia, 572 Laterata, 372f­373f Laticauda, 598­599, 620, 621 Laticauda colubrina, 279, 621, 621f Latimeria, 18f Latonia, 92 Laudakia, 585 Laurentophryne, 491 Lechriodus, 482 Leiocephalidae, 558f, 588, 589f Leiocephalus, 404f, 588 Leiocephalus eremitus, 431t­432t Leiocephalus herminieri, 431t­432t Leioheterodon madagascariensis, 618f Leiolepidinae, 291, 296, 298, 584, 585, 585f, 586 Leiolepis, 404f, 585, 586 Leiolepis boehemi, 137t­138t Leiolepis guentherpetersi, 137t­138t Leiolepis guttata, 585f Leiolepis triploidea, 137t­138t Leiolopisma, 568 Leiolopisma mauritiana, 431t­432t Leiopelma, 59­60, 92, 473 Leiopelma archeyi, 473­475 Leiopelma auroraensis, 431t­432t Leiopelma hamiltoni, 265, 473­475 Leiopelma hochstetteri, 473­475 Leiopelma markhami, 431t­432t Leiopelma pakeka, 473­475 Leiopelma waitomoensis, 431t­432t Leiopelmatidae, 25f, 92, 93t, 126t, 175, 431t­432t, 472­475, 473f­474f Leiopython, 605 Leiosauridae, 592­593 Leiosaurus, 558f, 592­593, 593f Leiuperidae, 93t, 193t, 241, 261, 473f, 484­485, 485f Lepidobatrachus, 188, 221, 332, 496­497 Lepidobatrachus laevis, 327f, 332­333 Lepidobatrachus llanensis, 188, 189f Lepidoblepharis, 562 Lepidoblepharis festae, 391f Lepidoblepharis xanthostigma, 391f Lepidochelys, 531 Lepidochelys kempii, 23­24, 430t Lepidochelys olivacea, 531­532 Lepidodactylus, 3­4, 137t­138t, 562 Lepidodactylus gardineri, 430t Lepidodactylus lugubris, 137t­138t, 562 Lepidophyma, 140­141, 565­566 Lepidophyma flavimaculatum, 566f Lepidophyma flavimaculatus, 137t­138t Lepidophyma reticulatum, 137t­138t Lepidophyma smithii, 312t Lepidosauria, 5­7, 5t, 19t, 21, 21f, 103, 107, 107t­108t, 292, 357f, 372f, 565, 599­601, 603­608, 610­611, 614, 620, 622. See also Squamata Lepidosauromorpha, 19t, 20­21, 20f­21f Lepisosteus osseus, 12f Leposoma, 573, 574 Leposoma percarinatum, 137t­138t, 311f Lepospondyli, 84­85, 84f Leposternon, 572 Leptobatrachium boringii, 162, 162f Leptobrachella, 479 Leptobrachium, 479­480 Leptodactylidae, 85f, 93t, 95, 123­124, 126t, 175, 212t, 241, 342­343, 427t, 473f, 485­486, 486f Leptodactylodon, 514 Leptodactylon albiventris, 514 Leptodactylus, 95, 162­163, 165, 185, 285, 399f, 472, 486 Leptodactylus bolivianus, 311f, 342­343 Leptodactylus fallax, 165, 486 Leptodactylus fuscus, 311f Leptodactylus knudseni, 163f Leptodactylus labyrinthicus, 162­163, 165f Leptodactylus lineatus, 330­331, 330f Leptodactylus macrosternum, 342­343 Leptodactylus marmoratus, 486 Leptodactylus mystaceus, 123­124, 165, 167f, 309, 310f, 311f Leptodactylus ocellatus, 123­124, 175, 175f, 241, 286f, 343f Leptodactylus pentadactylus, 259t, 485­486 Leptodactylus wagneri, 133 Leptodeira, 624 Leptodeira annulata, 342 Leptodrymus, 622­623 Leptolalax, 479 Leptopelinae, 514­515 Leptopelis, 123­124, 188, 514 Leptopelis bocagii, 514­515 Leptopelis brevirostris, 514­515 Leptopelis palmatus, 514­515 Leptopellinae, 396f Leptophis, 622­623 Leptophyrne, 491 Leptoseps, 568 Leptosiaphos, 568 Leptotyphlopidae, 108t­109t, 311, 315, 598, 598f, 601­603, 601f, 602f Leptotyphlopinae, 601, 602 Leptotyphlops, 326, 602 Leptotyphlops carlae, 601 Leptotyphlops dulcis, 336 Leptotyphlops scutifrons, 602 Lepturophis, 622­623 Lerista, 135­136, 568 Lerista bougainvillii, 149 Letheobia, 600 Leucocephalon, 538 Lialis, 560­561 Lialis burtonis, 257t Lialis jicari, 560 Liasis, 605 Liasis fuscus, 124­125, 129, 153, 174, 217, 236, 237f, 279, 280t, 606 Lichanura, 404f Lichanura brevispondylus, 112 Lichanura trivirgata, 112, 612f Limnodynastes, 188, 241t, 482 Limnodynastidae, 188, 473f, 482­483, 483f Limnomedusa, 491 Limnonectes, 510, 511 Limnonectes kuhlii, 192, 511 Limnonectes macrodon, 234, 424t­425t Limnophis, 622­623 Lioheterophis, 624 Liolaemidae, 558f, 588f, 592 Liolaemus, 226, 313f, 404f, 592 Liolaemus magellanicus, 592 Liolaemus multiformis, 204, 204f Liopeltis, 622­623 Liophidium, 620 Liophis, 624 Liophis dilepis, 135 Liophis miliarius, 135 Liophis poecilogyrus, 135 Liophis viridis, 135 Liopholidophis, 620 Liopholis, 568 Liophryne, 518 Liophryne schlaginhaufeni, 173­174 Lioscincus, 568 Liotyphlops, 603 Lipinia, 568 Lissamphibia, 4f, 5t, 10f, 14­15, 84, 84f, 88­95. See also Gymnophiona Lissemys, 530 Lissemys punctata, 530 Lissemys scutata, 530f Lisserpeton, 91 Lissolepis, 568 Lissotriton, 193t, 462 Lithobates, 3­4, 185, 212t, 334, 377f, 508 Lithobates areolatus, 234, 377, 508f 742 Taxonomic Index Lithobates blairi, 375­376 Lithobates capito, 132­133 Lithobates catesbeianus, 3­4, 43­44, 48t, 198f, 211, 259t, 262, 276, 285, 285f, 357f, 370f, 417, 421t, 424t­425t, 426­427, 429, 508­509 Lithobates clamitans, 193t, 207, 208f, 233t, 262, 285, 370f, 421t Lithobates forreri, 424t­425t Lithobates heckscheri, 241 Lithobates palmipes, 133, 508f Lithobates palustris, 370f Lithobates pipiens, 295, 302, 346, 370f, 421t, 424t­425t Lithobates septentrionalis, 359 Lithobates sphenocephalus, 132­133, 243, 375­376 Lithobates sylvaticus, 221, 275, 276, 363, 370f, 421t Lithobates virgatipes, 421­422, 421t Lithodytes lineatus, 123­124, 311f, 316f Litoria, 95, 188, 213, 221, 424t­425t, 495 Litoria alboguttata, 188 Litoria caerulea, 186, 188 Litoria gracilenta, 260f Litoria infrafrenata, 493­494 Litoria leucova, 495f Litoria microbelos, 493­494 Litoria nasuta, 495 Litoria novaehollandiae, 188f Litoria platycephala, 184 Liua, 460 Lobulia, 568 Lophocalotes, 585 Lophognathus, 585 Lophognathus longirostris, 585f Loveridgea, 571 Loveridgea ionidesii, 572 Loveridgelaps, 620 Loxocemidae, 108t­109t, 598f, 599, 605, 605f, 606, 608 Loxocemus, 404f Loxocemus bicolor, 605, 605f Lucasium, 560 Luetkenotyphlus, 454, 455 Luperosaurus, 562 Lyciasalamandra, 161­162, 168­169, 462 Lyciasalamandra luschani, 169 Lycodon, 622­623 Lycodonomorphus, 619 Lycodryas, 620 Lycophidion, 619 Lygisaurus, 568 Lygodactylus, 562 Lygophis, 624 Lygosoma, 568 Lygosominae, 566 Lyriocephalus, 585 Lysapsus limellum, 338­339 Lysorophia, 84f, 85 Lysorophus, 84f Lystrophis, 624 Lytorhynchus, 622­623 M Mabuya, 44, 168, 170­171, 170f, 176, 361f, 388t, 566, 568 Mabuya acutilabris, 298f Mabuya affinis, 257t Mabuya buettneri, 360t Mabuya capensis, 134t Mabuya heathi, 167, 170­171, 170f­171f, 361f Mabuya longicauda, 172­173 Mabuya mabouya, 360t Mabuya maximiliani, 361f Mabuya nigropunctata, 361f Macrelaps, 618 Macrelaps microlepidotus, 618 Macrocalamus, 623­624 Macrochelys, 106­107, 301, 423­425, 533­534 Macrochelys temminckii, 234, 300, 300f, 533­534, 534f Macrogenioglottus, 491 Macropholidus, 573 Macroprotodon, 622­623 Macroscincus, 313f Macrostomata, 303 Macrovipera, 616 Macrovipera schweizeri, 341 Madagascarophis, 620 Madagascincus, 568 Madecassophryne, 517 Madtsoia, 112 Magliophis, 624 Malaclemys, 193, 542 Malaclemys terrapin, 124­125, 134t, 194t, 541 Malacochersus, 537 Malayemys, 538 Malayemys subtrijuga, 539 Malpolon, 619­620 Manciola, 568 Mannophryne, 487 Mannophryne oblitterata, 488f Mannophryne trinitatis, 263 Manolepis, 624 Manouria, 537 Manouria emys, 538f Mantella, 335­336, 503­504 Mantella aurantiaca, 264f Mantella cowanii, 504f Mantellidae, 93t, 256, 264­265, 315, 335­336, 473f, 503­505, 503f Mantellinae, 396f, 398f, 503, 504­505, 504f Mantheyus, 585 Mantidactylus, 265, 504 Mantidactylus albofrenatus, 264f Mantidactylus argenteus, 264f Mantidactylus betsileanus, 264f, 503­504 Mantidactylus brevipalmatus, 264f Mantidactylus femoralis, 264f Mantidactylus grandidieri, 264f Mantidactylus guttulatus, 503 Mantidactylus ulcerosus, 264f Mantophryne, 518 Maracaiba, 568 Marisora, 568 Marmorerpeton, 85f, 90 Marmorosphax, 568 Mastigodryas, 622­623 Mastodontosaurus, 87­88 Matoatoa, 562 Mauremys, 538 Meantes, 457­458 Mecistops, 550­551 Mecistops cataphractus, 552 Mecistotrachelos apeoros, 100f Megaelosia, 486 Megalania, 109­110 Megalanocosaurus, 20­21 Megastomatohyla, 494 Megatyphlops, 600 Megatyphlops schlegelii, 600 Megophryidae, 93t, 94, 473f, 479­480, 480f, 481f Megophrys, 50, 479 Mehelya capensis, 134t Mehelya nyassae, 134t Meizodon, 622­623 Mekosuchus, 105 Melanobatrachinae, 515, 518 Melanobatrachus, 518 Melanobatrachus indicus, 518 Melanochelys, 538 Melanochelys trijuga, 312t Melanophidium, 608 Melanophryniscus, 399f, 491 Melanoseps, 568 Melanosuchus, 105, 547, 550 Melanosuchus niger, 549f, 550 Menetia, 137t­138t, 568 Menetia greyii, 137t­138t, 568 Meristogenys, 508 Meroles, 572 Meroles anchietae, 190, 572­573 Mertensiella, 462 Mertensophryne, 122, 491 Mertensophryne micranotis, 122, 491­493 Mesalina, 572 Mesaspis, 576­577 Mescistops cataphractus, 551f, 552 Mesobaena, 571 Mesobatrachia, 92 Mesoclemmys gibba, 524f Mesoclemys zuliae, 528 Mesosauria, 14f, 17f, 19 Mesosauridae, 97, 97f Mesoscincus, 568 Mesotriton, 462 Metacrinia, 481 Metaphrynella, 517 Metaxygnathus, 7 Micrablepharus, 361f, 573 Micrelaps, 618 Micrixalidae, 93t, 397t, 398f, 473f, 509, 510f Micrixalinae, 396f, 398f Micrixalis, 392 Micrixalus, 509 Micrixalus fuscus, 262, 509 Micrixalus saxicola, 509 Microbatrachella, 506 Microcaecilia, 454 Taxonomic Index 743 Microcaecilia rabei, 448f Microcaecilia unicolor, 455 Microhyla, 518 Microhylidae, 85f, 93t, 165­166, 175, 186f, 193t, 335­336, 392, 395f, 396f, 473f, 515­518, 515f Microhylinae, 335­336, 515, 517­518 Microlophus, 591 Micromelerpeton, 87­88, 87f, 88f Micropechis, 620 Micropisthodon, 620 Microsauria, 5t, 10f, 14­15, 14f, 84f­85f, 85 Micruroides, 327­328, 620, 621 Micrurus, 327­328, 620, 621 Micrurus albicintus, 328f Micrurus brasiliensis, 621f Micrurus diastema, 328 Micrurus elegans, 328 Micrurus fulvius, 328­329 Micrurus hemprichi, 338f Micrurus limbatus, 328 Micrurus mipartitus, 328 Micryletta, 517 Millerettidae, 17f, 19t, 97 Mimeosaurus, 110 Mimophis, 619 Mimosiphonops, 454 Minervarya, 511 Minyobates, 489 Mitophis, 603 Mixcoatlus, 615 Mixophyes, 481 Mochlus, 568 Moloch, 189, 585 Moloch horridus, 189, 190f, 191f, 367f Monatatheris, 616 Monopeltis, 571, 572 Monopeltis capensis, 572 Montivipera xanthina, 341 Morelia, 299, 404f, 605 Morelia spilota, 216­217, 606f Morenia, 538 Morethia, 135, 568 Morunasaurus, 592 Mussurana, 624 Myersiohyla, 494 Myobatrachidae, 123­124, 431t­432t, 473f, 481­482, 481f, 482f Myobatrachioidea, 481 Myobatrachus, 481­482 Myobatrachus gouldii, 166­167 Myriopholis, 602 Myron, 617 Myron richardsonii, 617 N Nactus, 562 Nactus arnouxii, 137t­138t Naja, 305t, 425­426, 620 Naja atra, 332f Naja naja, 172­173 Najash, 97f, 111­112 Namibiana, 602 Nangura, 568 Nannophryne, 491 Nannophrys, 511 Nannophrys ceylonensis, 313­314, 511 Nannoscincus, 568 Nanorana, 511 Narudasia, 562 Nasikabatrachidae, 397t Nasikabatrachus, 394, 502 Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, 306, 394, 399f, 502, 502f Nasutitermes, 575­576 Natalobatrachus, 506 Natatanura, 391f, 395f Natator, 531 Natator depressus, 531­532 Natricinae, 344­346, 599, 622, 625­626, 625f Natriciteres, 625 Natrix, 625, 626 Natrix cherseoides, 24t Natrix maura, 24t, 440 Natrix natrix, 134t, 233t, 376­377 Natrix viperina bilineata, 24, 24t Naultinus, 560 Necrosauridae, 104, 111 Nectocaecilia, 453 Nectophryne, 491 Nectophrynoides, 122, 169, 491, 493 Nectophrynoides tornieri, 169 Nectophrynoides viviparous, 169 Nectridea, 10f, 14­15, 14f, 85­86, 85f Nectridia, 84f, 85 Necturus, 92, 195­196, 463 Necturus lewisi, 465f Necturus maculosus, 51, 172, 176, 465 Necturus punctatus, 465 Nelsonophryne, 516 Neobatrachia, 92, 93t, 399f, 473f, 491, 502­503, 505­507 Neobatrachus, 188, 221, 483 Neobatrachus aquilonius, 188 Neocaecilia, 89t, 449 Nephrurus, 560 Nephrurus milii, 288 Nerodia, 194, 331­332, 625, 626 Nerodia cyclopion, 314, 314f, 626 Nerodia erythrogaster, 314, 314f Nerodia fasciata, 314, 314f, 626 Nerodia rhombifer, 314, 314f, 625f Nerodia sipedon, 236 Nerodia taxispilota, 234 Nessia, 568 Neurergus, 462 Neusibatrachus, 94 Neusticurus, 573 Nilssonia, 531 Nilssonia gangeticus, 530f, 531 Nimbaphrynoides, 122, 169 Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis, 158t, 169, 493 Ninia, 624 Niveoscincus, 568 Niveoscincus microlepidotus, 280t, 281 Niveoscincus ocellatus, 419 Notaden, 482­483 Notechis, 620 Notechis ater, 621 Nothobachia, 573 Nothophryne, 506 Nothopsis, 624 Notobatrachus degustori, 92 Notochelys, 538 Notoerpeton bolivianum, 91 Notophthalmus, 92, 256, 284, 461, 462 Notophthalmus viridescens, 252, 276, 326­327, 330, 363, 369, 370f, 462f Notoscincus, 568 Nototriton, 468 Nucras, 572 Nyctanolis, 468 Nyctibates, 514 Nyctibatrachidae, 396, 397t, 473f, 509­510, 510f Nyctibatrachinae, 398f Nyctibatrachus, 265, 392, 398f, 509­510 Nyctibatrachus beddomii, 509­510 Nyctibatrachus humayuni, 265 Nyctibatrachus karnatakaensis, 509­510, 510f Nyctimantis, 494 Nymbaphrynoides occidentalis, 158t, 169 Nymphargus, 484 O Obruchevichthys, 7 Occidozyga, 511 Occidozyginae, 398f, 511 Odaxosaurus, 110 Odontophrynus, 491 Odorrana, 508­509 Odorrana tormota, 263­264 Oedipina, 468 Oedura, 560 Ogmodon, 620 Oligodon, 172­173, 622­623 Oligodon formosanus, 172­173 Oligodontosaurus, 110 Oligosoma, 568 Oligosoma gracilocorpus, 431t­432t Omanosaura, 572 Ombrana, 511 Ommatotriton, 462 Omoadiphas, 624 Onychodactylus, 460 Oocatochus, 622­623 Oophaga, 315, 335­336, 489­490 Oophaga granulifera, 122f Oophaga pumilio, 174­175, 239, 323t­324t, 336f Opheodrys, 622­623 Opheodrys aestivus, 324, 360t Opheodrys vernalis, 167 Ophiderpeton, 86 Ophidia, 597. See also Serpentes Ophidiocephalus, 560 Ophiodes, 577 Ophiomorus, 568 Ophiophagus, 620 Ophioscincus, 568 Ophisaurus, 257t, 555, 576, 577 Ophisaurus ventralis, 577f 744 Taxonomic Index Ophisops, 572 Ophryacus, 615 Ophryophryne, 479 Opipeuter, 573 Opisthoglypha, 598 Opisthothylax, 513 Opisthotropis, 625 Opisthotropis latouchi, 172 Opluridae, 556, 558f, 592, 593, 593f, 594f Oplurus, 28t, 404f, 593, 593f Oplurus grandiere, 593 Oreobates, 501 Oreobates quixensis, 499f Oreolalax, 479 Oreophryne, 164, 243f, 491, 516f, 518 Oreophrynella, 491 Oriocalotes, 585 Orlitia, 538 Orlitia borneensis, 539 Ornithischia, 20, 20f Ornithodesmus, 101f Ornithodira, 19t, 20, 20f Orosaura, 568 Orraya, 560 Orthriophis, 622­623 Oscaecilia, 452­453 Oscaecilia polyzona, 452­453 Osornophyrne, 491, 493 Osteichtyes, 3 Osteocephalus, 494, 528 Osteocephalus oophagus, 162, 174­175, 278, 278f Osteocephalus taurinus, 297f Osteolaemus, 546f, 547, 550 Osteolaemus tetraspis, 551f, 552 Osteopilus, 494 Osteopilus ocellatus, 494 Osteopilus vasta, 493 Otocryptis, 585 Otophryne, 515, 518 Otophryne robusta, 518 Otophryninae, 518 Ovophis, 615 Oxybelis, 326, 622­623 Oxybelis aeneus, 135, 332f Oxydactyla, 518 Oxyrhabdium, 613 Oxyrhopus, 624 Oxyrhopus trigeminus, 135 Oxyuranus, 620­621 Oxyuranus scutellatus, 298f, 304 P Pachycalamus, 571 Pachydactylus, 562 Pachyhynobius, 460 Pachyrhachis, 111­112, 111f Pachyrhachis problematicus, 111f Pachytriton, 462 Palaeagama, 103 Palaeolacerta, 103­104 Palaeonaja, 112 Palaeosaniwa canadensis, 111 Palaeoxantusia, 110 Palea, 531 Paleobatrachus, 94, 94f Paleobatrachus grandiceps, 94f Paleosuchus, 176, 547, 550 Paleosuchus trigonatus, 545, 550 Paleothyris, 4f, 14f, 17f, 18­19, 19t, 95­97, 97f Paliguana, 96­97, 97f, 103 Palmatorappia, 509 Pamelaescincus, 568 Panaspis, 568 Panderichthys, 4f, 7­9, 8f, 10f­11f Pangshura smithi, 539 Pantherophis, 220, 237, 622­623 Pantherophis guttata, 152­153 Pantherophis obsoletus, 233t, 279, 280t, 623 Pantherophis vulpina, 359 Papuascincus, 568 Paracassina, 513 Paracontias, 568 Paracrinia, 481 Paradactylodon, 460 Paradelma, 560 Paraderma bogerti, 111 Paradoxophyla, 517 Paragehyra, 562 Parahelicops, 625 Parahydrophis, 620 Paramesotriton, 462 Parapelophryne, 491 Parapistocalamus, 620 Parareptilia, 4f, 5t, 14f, 17f, 19, 19t, 59f, 96­97 Pararhabdophis, 625 Pararhadinaea, 620 Paratelmatobius, 486 Paratelmatobius poecilogaster, 486 Pareas, 613 Pareatidae, 598f, 599, 613­614, 614f Pareiasauria, 17f, 19t, 97, 97f Pareiasaurus karpinksyi, 98f Parhoplophryne, 517 Paroedura, 562 Paroedura picta, 152­153 Parvicaecilia, 454 Parvilacerta, 572 Parvimolge, 468 Parviraptor estesi, 104, 110 Parvoscincus, 568 Pederpes finneyae, 13 Pedioplanis, 572 Pedostibes, 491, 493 Pelagosaurus, 102­103 Pelamis, 620 Pelamis platurus, 197, 198f, 212t, 231, 241t Pelobates, 94, 282, 479 Pelobates cultripes, 193t Pelobates fuscus, 477f, 479 Pelobates syriacus, 479 Pelobatidae, 85f, 93t, 94, 193t, 212t, 427t, 473f, 476f­477f, 478­479 Pelobatoidea, 478­479 Pelochelys, 531 Pelodiscus, 531 Pelodiscus sinensis, 213, 213f, 424t­425t, 531 Pelodryadinae, 493, 495, 495f Pelodytes, 241t, 478 Pelodytes caucasicus, 479 Pelodytes ibericus, 479 Pelodytes punctatus, 193t, 477f, 479 Pelodytidae, 93t, 126t, 193t, 473f, 476f, 477f, 478­479 Pelomedusa, 404f, 526 Pelomedusa subrufra, 527f Pelomedusidae, 106t, 126t, 524, 525f, 526­527, 527f Pelomedusoides, 106t, 524, 527 Pelophryne, 491 Pelophryne brevipes, 491­493 Pelophylax, 136­138, 137t­138t, 139f­140f, 508 Pelophylax esculenta, 140f Pelophylax lessonae, 136­138, 139f Pelophylax perezi, 323t­324t Pelophylax ridibundus, 136­138, 139f Peltocephalus, 404f, 526 Peltophryne, 394­395, 399f, 491 Peltophryne lemur, 439t Peltosaurus granulosus, 110f Pelusios, 404f, 526 Pelusios adansoni, 527f Pelusios nana, 526 Pelusios seychellensis, 388t Pelusios sinuatus, 526 Pelusios subniger, 388t Perochirus, 562 Pesudogonatodes, 562 Petracola, 573 Petrolacosaurus, 96, 97f Petropedetes, 265, 507 Petropedetes martiensseni, 507 Petropedetes yakusini, 507 Petropedetidae, 93t, 473f, 506f, 507 Petropedetinae, 396f Petrosaurus, 586 Phaeognathus, 468 Phaeognathus hubrichti, 430t, 468 Phalotris, 624 Phasmahyla, 495 Phelsuma, 387, 388t, 562 Phelsuma edwardnewtoni, 431t­432t Pherohapsis, 518 Philochortus, 572 Philodryas, 624 Philodryas nattereri, 135 Philodryas viridissima, 624f Philoria, 482 Philothamnus, 622­623 Phimophis, 624 Phlyctimantis, 513 Phoboscincus, 568 Pholidobolus, 573 Phoxophrys, 585 Phrynobatrachidae, 93t, 473f, 506f, 507 Phrynobatrachinae, 396f Phrynobatrachus, 507 Phrynobatrachus guineensis, 507 Phrynobatrachus tokba, 507 Phrynocephalus, 585, 586 Phrynocephalus helioscopus, 189 Phrynoidis, 399f, 491 Phrynomantis, 306, 515­516 Taxonomic Index 745 Phrynomantis bifasciatus, 306, 307f, 516 Phrynomantis microps, 323t­324t Phrynomedusa, 495 Phrynomedusa marginata, 496 Phrynomerinae, 515­516 Phrynops, 388f, 527 Phrynops geoffroanus, 529f Phrynopus, 501 Phrynosoma, 189, 190f, 232, 240f, 293t, 296, 315, 320f, 326, 333, 336­337, 404f, 586, 587 Phrynosoma cornutum, 189, 190f, 191f, 232, 323t­324t, 336­337 Phrynosoma douglassi, 167 Phrynosoma hernandesi, 250 Phrynosoma modestum, 323t­324t, 331, 586f Phrynosoma platirhinos, 367f Phrynosomatidae, 134t, 556, 558f, 586­587, 586f Phrynosomatinae, 190f, 315 Phyllobates, 243, 335­336, 489 Phyllobates lugubris, 316f Phyllodactylidae, 558f, 561, 562­563, 563f, 564f Phyllodactylus, 563 Phyllodactylus martini, 563f Phyllodytes, 495 Phyllomedusa, 123­124, 133, 163­164, 182, 187­188, 213, 226, 337, 495 Phyllomedusa burmeiseri, 301 Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis, 187, 187f, 331­332, 496 Phyllomedusa sauvagii, 187, 187f, 188, 192, 496 Phyllomedusa vaillantii, 133 Phyllomedusinae, 493, 495­496, 495f Phyllopezus, 563 Phyllopezus pollicaris, 124­125, 135 Phyllorhynchus, 622­623 Phyllurus, 560 Phymaturus, 312t, 313, 313f, 592 Physalaemus, 3­4, 123­124, 162­163, 241, 260, 484­485 Physalaemus ephippifer, 162­163, 164f, 311f Physalaemus petersi, 392f Physalaemus pustulosus, 298 Physignathus, 331­332, 404f, 585 Phytosauridae, 20f Phyzelaphryne, 500 Phyzelaphryne miriamae, 498f Phyzelaphryninae, 498f, 500 Piceoerpeton, 91 Pipa, 163, 326, 477­478 Pipa arrabali, 478 Pipa carvalhoi, 163, 165f, 478 Pipa myersi, 478 Pipa parva, 165f, 477­478 Pipa pipa, 163, 309, 477, 477f, 478 Pipidae, 85f, 93t, 126t, 193t, 427t, 473f, 476f, 477­478 Pituophis, 622­623 Pituophis melanoleucus, 48t, 124­125 Placodontia, 20f Placosoma, 573 Plagiopholis, 625 Plasmodium, 321, 348t Plasmodium azurophilum, 347­348 Platecarpus, 99f Platemys, 527 Platemys platycepala, 528 Platychelys, 105­106 Platymantis, 243f, 509 Platymantis guentheri, 510f Platypelis, 517 Platypelis grandis, 517 Platyplectrurus, 608 Platyplectrurus trilineatus, 608 Platysaurus, 124­125, 130, 149, 232, 563, 564 Platysaurus broadleyi, 282, 283f, 295 Platysaurus intermedius, 124­125 Platysternidae, 106t, 524­525, 525f, 540, 540f Platysternon, 265, 524­525 Platysternon megacephalum, 524, 540 Plectrohyla, 494 Plectrurus, 608 Plestiodon, 124­125, 172­173, 192, 242, 270­271, 286, 339­340, 377f, 568 Plestiodon fasciatus, 40, 43f, 172, 173f, 270, 339­340, 341f, 350, 375­376 Plestiodon inexpectatus, 270 Plestiodon laticeps, 40, 242, 270, 271, 284, 286, 287f, 302, 322, 340f Plestiodon obsoletus, 375­376, 567f Plestiodon septentrionalis, 172 Plestiodon skiltonianus, 412t Plethodon, 119­120, 132­133, 234, 239, 242, 468 Plethodon albagula, 176f, 242, 467f Plethodon angusticlavius, 250 Plethodon cinereus, 119­120, 172­173, 232, 239, 276, 288, 295, 314­315, 315f, 330 Plethodon dunni, 193t Plethodon glutinosus, 41f, 241, 241t, 360t Plethodon jordani, 147f, 249, 251­252, 330 Plethodon kentucki, 133 Plethodon ouachitae, 348­350 Plethodon serratus, 348­350 Plethodon shenandoah, 430t, 436­437 Plethodon websteri, 132­133 Plethodontidae, 85f, 90t, 126t, 161­162, 193t, 256, 257t, 399­400, 427t, 458f, 466­469, 467f Plethodontinae, 467f, 468 Plethodontohyla, 517 Plethodontohyla inguinalis, 517 Plethodontoidea, 90t Pletholax, 560 Pleurodeles, 461­462 Pleurodelinae, 461­462, 462f Pleurodema brachyops, 326­327, 327f Pleurodema mamoratum, 485 Pleurodema tucumanum, 193t Pleurodira, 97f, 106t, 523­524, 524f, 525f, 526 Plica, 591, 592 Plica plica, 124­125, 167f, 342 Plica umbra, 591f Pliocercus, 328, 622­623 Podarcis, 241t, 572 Podarcis hispanicus, 271 Podarcis lilfordi, 322, 323t­324t Podarcis muralis, 125, 146t Podarcis sicula, 573f Podarcis tiliguerta, 209 Podocnemididae, 106t, 126t, 524, 525f­526f, 526­527 Podocnemis, 246, 404f, 526 Podocnemis erythrocephala, 526, 527f Podocnemis expansa, 526 Podocnemis unifilis, 527f Podocnemis vogli, 526 Pogona, 585, 586 Polemon, 618 Polychrotidae, 556, 558f, 588­589, 589f, 590f Polychrus, 404f, 589 Polychrus acutirostris, 390f, 589, 589f Poromera, 572 Porthidium, 615 Potamites, 573, 574 Potomotyphlus, 453 Pouitella, 111 Poyntonia, 506 Poyntonophrynus, 491 Praescutata, 620 Prasinohaema, 568 Praslinia, 454 Praslinia cooperi, 449 Priosphenodon avelasi, 553 Priscagama, 110 Pristidactylus, 593 Pristiguana, 110 Pristimantis, 166f, 501 Pristimantis danae, 122f Pristimantis urichi, 166­167 Pristurus, 562 Proablepharus, 568 Proacris, 95 Proamphiuma, 91 Proatheris, 616 Procellosaurinus, 573 Proceratophrys, 324­326, 325f, 491 Proceratophrys goyana, 491f Proctoporus, 573 Proctoporus raneyi, 573­574 Proganochelys, 97­98, 105, 105f, 524 Proganochelys quenstedti, 105, 105f Prosalirus bitis, 92 Proscelotes, 568 Prosiren elinorae, 91 Prosymninae, 617, 620 Proteidae, 54­55, 85f, 90t, 91­92, 126t, 458f, 463­465, 465f Proteioidea, 90t Proterochersis, 105­106 Proteroglypha, 598 Proterosuchidae, 20f Proteus, 92, 463 Proteus anguinus, 241­242, 465 Protobothrops, 615 Protorosauria, 20f Protostega, 99f Protosuchidae, 20f Psammobates, 537 Psammobates pardalis, 537 Psammodromus, 572 Psammodynastes, 622­623, 625 746 Taxonomic Index Psammophiinae, 619­620 Psammophilus, 585 Psammophis, 619, 620 Psammophis punctulatus, 620 Pseudablabes, 624 Pseudacris, 241t, 494 Pseudacris crucifer, 221, 224, 224f, 243, 363, 370f, 421t Pseudacris nigrita, 132­133, 243 Pseudacris ocularis, 493­494 Pseudacris ornata, 132­133, 143f, 243, 369 Pseudacris regilla, 193t, 260, 308f, 324­326 Pseudacris triseriata, 221, 282 Pseudagkistrodon, 626 Pseudaspis, 619 Pseudaspis cana, 618f Pseudechis, 169­170, 620 Pseudechis porphyriacus, 169­170 Pseudelaphe, 622­623 Pseudemoia, 568 Pseudemydura, 387­389, 388f, 527 Pseudemydura umbrina, 57f, 430t, 527­528 Pseudemys, 424t­425t, 541 Pseudemys concinna, 244, 524f, 541 Pseudemys floridana, 244, 435­436 Pseudemys nelsoni, 312t Pseudemys scripta, 424t­425t Pseudepidalea, 491 Pseudepidalea viridis, 193, 193t Pseuderemias, 572 Pseudhymenochirus, 477­478 Pseudhymenochirus merlini, 309 Pseudis, 494­495 Pseudis limellum, 243 Pseudis paradoxa, 342­343, 494­495, 494f Pseudoacontias, 568 Pseudoboa, 624 Pseudoboodon, 619 Pseudobranchus, 91, 458 Pseudobufo, 491, 493 Pseudocalotes, 585 Pseudocerastes, 616 Pseudoeryx, 624 Pseudoeurycea, 468 Pseudoeurycea belli, 467­468 Pseudoficimia, 622­623 Pseudogekko, 562 Pseudohaje, 620 Pseudohynobius, 460 Pseudoleptodeira, 624 Pseudonaja, 620 Pseudopaludicola, 485 Pseudopaludicola boliviana, 311f Pseudophyrne, 481 Pseudopus, 576 Pseudopus apodus, 576 Pseudorabdion, 623­624 Pseudorana, 508 Pseudothecadactylus, 560 Pseudotomodon, 624 Pseudotrapelus, 585 Pseudotriton, 468 Pseudotriton ruber, 330, 467f Pseudotyphlops, 608 Pseudoxenodon, 625 Pseudoxenodon macrops, 625f Pseudoxenodontinae, 599, 622, 624­625 Pseudoxyrhophiinae, 617, 618, 620 Pseudoxyrhopus, 620 Pseustes, 622­623 Pseustes poecolinotus, 332f Psilophthalmus, 573 Psomophis, 624 Ptenopus, 562 Ptenopus garrulous, 271 Pteranodon, 100 Pternohyla, 221 Pterorana, 508 Pterosauria, 20, 20f, 97f Ptyas, 622­623 Ptyas carinatus, 622­623 Ptychadena, 95, 388t, 507 Ptychadena aequiplicata, 507­508 Ptychadena broadleyi, 507­508 Ptychadenidae, 93t, 473f, 503f, 504f, 507­508 Ptychadeninae, 396f Ptychoglossus, 573 Ptychohyla, 494 Ptychozoon, 331­332, 562 Ptychozoon lionotum, 325f Ptycophis, 624 Ptyctolaemus, 585 Ptyodactylus, 563 Pygomeles, 568 Pygopodidae, 555, 556f, 557, 558f, 559, 560­561, 560f Pygopodinae, 556­557 Pygopus, 560 Python, 68, 124­125, 124f, 129, 142, 153, 425­426, 605 Python molurus, 124­125, 124f, 174, 606, 606f Python molurus bivittatus, 216, 218f Python regius, 424t­425t Pythonidae, 108t­109t, 598f, 599, 605­606, 606f, 608 Pythonodipsas, 619 Pyxicephalidae, 93t, 175, 188, 473f, 506­507, 506f Pyxicephalinae, 506­507 Pyxicephalus, 188, 221, 506­507 Pyxicephalus adspersus, 175, 507 Pyxis, 537 Q Quasipaa, 511 Quedenfeldtia, 562 Quetzalcoatlus, 100 Quinkana, 105 R Rabdion, 623­624 Rafetus, 531 Ramanella, 517 Ramonellus longispinus, 91 Ramphotyphlops, 388t, 404f, 600 Ramphotyphlops braminus, 137t­138t, 429, 600 Rana, 3­4, 95, 119­120, 136­138, 137t­138t, 139f­140f, 147f, 152­153, 185, 193t, 508.

These patients frequently have a defect in spoken language (extrasylvian motor aphasia) characterized by a decrease in spontaneous speech arteria dorsalis pedis discount 1.5 mg lozol free shipping, with good repetition and understanding blood pressure and stroke lozol 1.5 mg mastercard. For this group of patients blood pressure medication starting with x generic lozol 1.5 mg free shipping, reading (recognition) is notably higher than writing (production) arrhythmia and murmur purchase lozol 1.5mg with visa. As in oral language, written production is scarce, and often the patient does not finish what they try to write. Confusional states Chedru and Geschwind (1972) found that patients in confusional states resulting from various etiologies, could speak, understand, repeat, name and read, but they could not express their ideas in writing. The authors emphasize the susceptibility of the written output to any disturbance in the brain function. Psychogenic Agraphia Hysterical paralysis frequently involves the left hemibody, and therefore it is not usual to report hysterical agraphia. In hysterical paralysis, reflexes are normal and there are only moderate changes in muscle tone. Ardila (1989) reported an unusual case in a patient with a hysterical personality, who had learned the bizarre ability to write backwards (from the last to the first letter) and could sign with both hands in any direction. The patient also had a history of difficulties in learning to read and mixed handedness. Psycholinguistic Models of Agraphias In recent years, there has been great interest in the development of psycholinguistic models of agraphias (Roeltgen, 1993). Different levels of language processing have been correlated (phonological, lexical, semantic) with particular defects in written language. In these models it is usual to distinguish two main groups of agraphias (disgraphias): central and peripheral (Ellis, 1988), similar to the distinction between central and peripheral alexias (Shallice & Warrington, 1980). Central agraphias (dysgraphias) Central agraphias affect one or more of the processes involved in the spelling of familiar and non-familiar words and pseudowords. Central agraphia affects spelling in all ways: handwriting, typing, oral spelling, etc. Non-aphasic agraphias Central agraphias Lexical (surface) agraphia Phonological agraphia Deep agraphia Peripheral agraphias Motor agraphia Spatial (afferent) agraphia Spatial agraphia Apraxic agraphia Apraxic agraphia Tabla 7. Correspondence between the neurological and psycholinguistic classification of agraphias. Phonological agraphia In this type of disturbance, the patient maintains the ability to write familiar words, both regular and irregular, but is unable to spell nonwords. There is a good performance in legitimate words, observed even in low-frequency words that contain unusual spelling patterns. In contrast with the ability to write regular words, there is a striking inability to write legitimate pseudowords under dictation (Bub & Kertesz, 1982; Baxter & Warrington, 1985). Spelling errors observed in this group of patients are not usually phonologic, but may present a high degree of visual similarity with the target word (Roeltgen, 1983; Shallice, 1981). Roeltgen (1985) relates the phonological agraphia with lesions in the supramarginal gyrus and adjacent insular region. Lexical (surface) agraphia In this this type of agraphia, a dysfunction of the lexical system is assumed. The disorder is characterized by difficulties in spelling irregular and ambiguous words with a preserved ability to spell regular words. It has been proposed that at least in some languages, such as English, there are two possible systems for the spelling of words: lexical and phonological (Beauvois & Dйrouesnй, 1981; Hartfield & Patterson, 1983; Roeltgen, 1985; Roeltgen et al. The lexical system is necessary for the spelling of irregular words (for example, "knight"), and ambiguous words (words with sounds that can be represented by different letters or combinations of letters), requiring the use of the visual image of the word (Roeltgen, 1985). However, the lexical system can also be used to spell orthographically regular words, which could also be written using the phonographemic system. The lexical agraphia patient cannot spell irregular words, but is able to spell words and legitimate pseudowords. Generally, these patients tend to present a "regularization" in writing: the words are written in a way that seems phonologically correct, although their spelling is incorrect.

For example arrhythmia hypothyroidism lozol 2.5 mg online, Brazil has the richest amphibian fauna in the world with 776 species blood pressure high in the morning purchase lozol overnight, 50% of which have been described in the last 40 years; in addition arteria world aion lozol 2.5 mg visa, many species are undiscovered or undescribed heart attack cafe buy cheap lozol 1.5mg. The biodiversity crisis is characterized by the loss and reduction of diversity within all three levels previously described. Extinction is a natural process and occurs continuously; however, the crisis we now face is occurring because the rate of extinction, that is the number of species lost per unit time, has greatly exceeded the normal rate. In addition, the breadth of extinctions has broadened, encompassing all sizes and types of organisms. Normally, extinction occurs at a slow pace and the number of species that disappear equals or is slightly fewer than the number of new species that appear. This gradual accumulation of species through time results in increasing diversity. Mass extinction is a catastrophic event; those documented from the fossil record have losses of more than 30% of the species. An estimate of 96% loss of species has been proposed for the mass extinction event at the end of the Permian. Although that estimate may be high, a 50% loss is not a high estimate for that event. If one of every two species disappears, species interactions and ecosystems change drastically. Conservationists are concerned about the loss of diversity because a high rate of extinction might lead to a cascading extinction event in which the loss of one species causes the loss of multiple species. No matter how resourceful we humans are, the human species cannot be assured that it will survive a mass extinction because the complex interactions among species that support our global food supply are at risk. Genetic Studies in Conservation the use of modern molecular methods in the study of conservation has advanced considerably in the last decade. These methods have revolutionized many aspects of assessment of the health of amphibian and reptile populations. Certain methods are applicable for the determination of populationand species-level genetic diversity, whereas other methods are suitable for understanding causes of declines, including habitat loss and disease or pollution. Consequently, the instruments used have a huge impact on the number of base pairs read. However, next-generation sequencing, including pyrosequencing and sequencing-bysynthesis that are beginning to be used in genomic studies can generate as much as 80­120 billion base pairs of data in a single run. Thus, use of next-generation sequencing could greatly increase the amount of genetic data available for diversity studies, and the costs have come down enormously. In recent years, genetic studies have become increasingly common for assessing new species and species complexes, leading to a much better understanding of diversity. In addition, large studies using genetic methods to reveal phylogenetic relationships have led to the recognition of 44 families of frogs, compared to 17 families a decade ago. In his 1993 herpetology textbook, George Zug recognized 16 lizard families, four amphisbaenian families, and 15 snake families. Not only have phylogenetic relationships of squamates changed radically as the result of molecular analyses, 43 recognized families of lizards (with amphisbaenians included) and 23 families of snakes are now recognized. As an example of how rapidly new taxa are being discovered, a recent paper by Blair Hedges and Caitlin Conn describes an entire skink fauna from the Caribbean islands that included 61 species in 16 genera. A much better understanding of the number of species and their relationships will be invaluable for conservation decisions. Landscape genetics is a relatively new field that attempts to understand how landscape variables influence genetic variation. Some topics addressed by landscape genetics include identification of barriers to gene flow, determination of source­sink populations and movement corridors, and examination of spatial scales (Table 14. The most commonly used molecular markers in amphibian and reptile studies are microsatellites. Much emphasis has been placed on amphibians, partly because the reliance of most species on water for breeding makes it relatively easy to identify discreet populations. In most studies, amphibian populations vary in genetic structure from place to place. For example, mountain ridges and elevation affect gene flow in Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris).

Syndromes

• Do not ignore the signs if you suspect child abuse in your home or in the home of someone you know.
• Sweat a lot
• Exercise regularly: 30 minutes a day if you are not overweight; 60 - 90 minutes a day if you are overweight.
• CD4 lymphocyte count (type of white blood cell count)
• ANA titer
• Excessive perspiration
• Drowsiness
• The problem comes back
• After going to the bathroom

Of these hypertensive urgency treatment lozol 1.5 mg low cost, saccadic velocity is the most important in terms of localization value arterial network buy cheap lozol 1.5 mg online, since it depends on burst neurones in the brainstem (paramedian pontine reticular formation for horizontal saccades heart attack 29 year old female buy discount lozol on-line, rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus for vertical saccades) arrhythmia ventricular tachycardia generic 2.5 mg lozol with visa. Assessment of saccadic velocity may be of particular diagnostic use in parkinsonian syndromes. In progressive supranuclear palsy slowing of vertical saccades is an early sign (suggesting brainstem involvement; horizontal saccades may be affected later), whereas vertical saccades are affected late (if at all) in corticobasal degeneration, in which condition increased saccade latency is the more typical finding, perhaps reflective of cortical involvement. Several types of saccadic intrusion are described, including ocular flutter, opsoclonus, and square wave jerks. This is a late, unusual, but diagnostic feature of a spinal cord lesion, usually an intrinsic (intramedullary) lesion but sometimes an extramedullary compression. Spastic paraparesis below the level of the lesion due to corticospinal tract involvement is invariably present by this stage of sacral sparing. Sacral sparing is explained by the lamination of fibres within the spinothalamic tract: ventrolateral fibres (of sacral origin), the most external fibres, are involved later than the dorsomedial fibres (of cervical and thoracic origin) by an expanding central intramedullary lesion. Although sacral sparing is rare, sacral sensation should always be checked in any patient with a spastic paraparesis. The outstanding ability may be feats of memory (recalling names), calculation (especially calendar calculation), music, or artistic skills, often in the context of autism or pervasive developmental disorder. Scanning speech was originally considered a feature of cerebellar disease in multiple sclerosis (after Charcot), and the term is often used with this implication. Scanning speech correlates with midbrain lesions, often after recovery from prolonged coma. The examiner then places the tuning fork over his/her own mastoid, hence comparing bone conduction with that of the patient. If still audible to the examiner (presumed to have normal hearing), a sensorineural hearing loss is suspected, whereas in conductive hearing loss the test is normal. Mapping of the defect may be performed manually, by confrontation testing, or using an automated system. In addition to the peripheral field, the central field should also be tested, with the target object moved around the fixation point. A central scotoma may be picked up in this way or a more complex defect such as a centrocaecal scotoma in which both the macula and the blind spot are involved. Infarction of the occipital pole will produce a central visual loss, as will optic nerve inflammation. Scotomata may be absolute (no perception of form or light) or relative (preservation of form, loss of colour). A scotoma may be physiological, as in the blind spot or angioscotoma, or pathological, reflecting disease anywhere along the visual pathway from retina and choroid to visual cortex. Various types of scotoma may be detected: · · · · · · · Central scotoma; Caecocentral or centrocaecal scotoma; Arcuate scotoma; Annular or ring scotoma; Junctional scotoma; Junctional scotoma of Traquair; Peripapillary scotoma (enlarged blind spot). It has been claimed as a reliable test of posterior column function of the spinal cord. Errors in this test correlate with central conduction times and vibration perception threshold. The utility of testing tactile perception of direction of scratch as a sensitive clinical sign of posterior column dysfunction in spinal cord disorders. A reappraisal of "direction of scratch" test: using somatosensory evoked potentials and vibration perception. Seizure morphology may be helpful in establishing aetiology and/or focus of onset. Partial: simple (no impairment of consciousness), for example, jerking of one arm, which may spread sequentially to other body parts (Jacksonian march); or complex, in which there is impairment or loss of consciousness: may be associated with specific aura (olfactory, dйjа vu, jamais vu) and/or automatisms (motor. Otherwise, as for idiopathic generalized epilepsies, various antiepileptic medications are available. Best treated with psychological approaches or drug treatment of underlying affective disorders; antiepileptic medications are best avoided. The differentiation of epileptic from non-epileptic seizures may be difficult; it is sometimes helpful to see a video recording of the attacks or to undertake in-patient video-telemetry. This pattern is highly suggestive of a foramen magnum lesion, usually a tumour but sometimes demyelination or other intrinsic inflammatory disorder, sequentially affecting the lamination of corticospinal fibres in the medullary pyramids. Cross References Hemiparesis; Paresis; Quadriparesis, Quadriplegia Setting Sun Sign the setting sun sign, or sunset sign, consists of tonic downward deviation of the eyes with retraction of the upper eyelids exposing the sclera. Setting sun sign is a sign of dorsal midbrain compression in children with untreated hydrocephalus.

Buy generic lozol pills. Are Wrist Blood Pressure Monitors Accurate?.